1500
Exploration
Pedro Alvares Cabral discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.
400 years ago
1610
Born on this date
Alexander VIII. Roman Catholic Pope, 1689-1691. Alexander VIII, born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, succeeded Pope Innocent XI. He served for just 16 months, dying on February 1, 1691 at the age of 80, and was succeeded by Innocent XII.
140 years ago
1870
Born on this date
V.I. Lenin. Soviet revolutionary leader. Born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, Mr. Lenin was chairman of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic from 1917 until his death and Premier of the U.S.S.R. from 1922 until his death on January 21, 1924 at the age of 53, as a result of a series of strokes. Mr. Lenin was an organizer who put the economic theories of Karl Marx into action, and was the leading figure of the Bolshevik Revolution that plunged Russia into more than 70 years of Communist totalitarianism, resulting in the deaths of tens of millions of people, all in the name of social progress.
Americana
The U.S. Congress defeated a motion to annex the Red River Colony to the United States; the motion suggested that the Americans send commissioners to the territory to negotiate terms with the settlers directly.
120 years ago
1890
Baseball
The Philadelphia Athletics defeated the Syracuse Stars 17-6 in an American Association game. The teams combined for 21 stolen bases, 19 of them by the Athletics; both figures are major league records. Grant Briggs was the unfortunate Syracuse catcher.
110 years ago
1900
Baseball
Behind the pitching of Roger Denzer, the Chicago White Stockings defeated the Milwaukee Brewers 5-3 at South Side Park in Chicago for their first win in the American League, which was still a minor league.
90 years ago
1920
Baseball
Babe Ruth played his first home game as a New York Yankee. He pulled a rib cartilage in batting practice, and had to be assisted off the field after striking out in the 1st inning. The Yankees led 4-0 after 1 inning, 6-0 after 3, and held on to defeat the Philadelphia Athletics 8-6 before 25,000 fans at the Polo Grounds.
80 years ago
1930
Defense
The United Kingdom, Japan, and the United States signed the London Naval Treaty, regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding.
Baseball
Bing Miller led off the top of the 9th inning with a home run to break a 6-6 tie as the Philadelphia Athletics edged the New York Yankees 7-6 before 60,000 fans at Yankee Stadium. With 1 out in the bottom of the 9th, Babe Ruth flied out to center fielder Mule Haas, and Earle Combs attempted to score the tying run from second base. Mr. Haas' throw was cut off by second baseman Max Bishop, who threw to catcher Mickey Cochrane, who tagged out Mr. Combs to complete a game-ending double play. Rube Wahlberg was the winning pitcher in relief over Roy Sherid.
75 years ago
1935
Boxing
Joe Louis (19-0) knocked out Biff Bennett (11-14-1) at 1:15 of the 1st round of a heavyweight bout at Memorial Hall in Dayton, Ohio.
70 years ago
1940
War
U.S. Navy Rear Admiral J.K. Taussig said that unless the U.S.A. took a firm stand on the Philippines, the country would be drawn into a Pacific war. German forces introduced aerial blitzkrieg tactics to the fighting in Norway, raiding the city of Dombas. In an effort to maintain her neutrality, Sweden protested to Germany the flights of German bombers over her territory. Japanese bombers attacked Chungking, China. The Chinese Central News Agency reported military successes in the Chinese province of Kiangsi.
Medicine
Professor E.A. Doisy of St. Louis University reported the synthetic re-creation of Vitamin K, essential for prevention of hemorrhaging.
Law
The United States Supreme Court ruled that anti-picketing laws in California and Alabama were unconstitutional violations of free speech.
Labour
The United States House of Representatives approved the creation of an investigation committee to study the problems of migratory labour in the United States.
60 years ago
1950
Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts--Freddy Martin and his Orchestra; Sammy Kaye and his "Swing and Sway" Orchestra (2nd week at #1)
#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake--Eileen Barton with the New Yorkers (Best Seller--2nd week at #1; Disc Jockey--5th week at #1; Jukebox--2nd week at #1)
U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 "The Third Man" Theme--Anton Karas
--Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians
2 Music! Music! Music!--Teresa Brewer
3 If I Knew You Were Comin’ (I’d’ve Baked a Cake)--Eileen Barton with the New Yorkers
--Georgia Gibbs
4 Daddy’s Little Girl--The Mills Brothers
--Dick Todd
5 Dearie--Ray Bolger and Ethel Merman
--Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae
--Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians
6 Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy--Red Foley
--Bing Crosby
7 It Isn’t Fair--Sammy Kaye and his "Swing and Sway" Orchestra
8 Candy and Cake--Arthur Godfrey
--Mindy Carson
9 I Said My Pajamas (And Put on My Pray’rs)--Tony Martin and Fran Warren
10 Rag Mop--The Ames Brothers
--Ralph Flanagan and his Orchestra
--Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra
--Johnnie Lee Wills and his Boys
Singles entering the chart were Are You Lonesome Tonight by Blue Barron and his Orchestra (#27); Chooin' Gum by Teresa Brewer with Jimmy Lytell and the Dixieland All Stars (#28); Let's Go to Church (Next Sunday Morning) by Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely (#32); Silver Dollar, with versions by the Honeydreamers; and Johnny Long and his Orchestra (#33); My Lily and My Rose, with versions by Sammy Kaye and his "Swing and Sway" Orchestra; and Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians (#36); and The Old Piano Roll Blues by Lawrence (Piano Roll) Cook (#37).
World events
A wave of anti-espionage trials in Czechoslovakia concluded as a court in Prague sentenced six Czechs to life imprisonment and two to death as U.S. spies. 47 "enemies of the state" were sentenced to prison in other parts of the country.
War
The U.S.S.R. announced that it had completed the repatriation of Japanese World War II prisoners, with 510,409 sent home since the end of the war.
Diplomacy
Arab League Secretary Abdul Rahman Azzam Pasha warned of a possible Arab-Soviet rapprochement if the U.S.A. maintained its "pro-Jewish" policy.
Defense
In his semi-annual report, U.S. Air Force Secretary Stuart Symington revealed that 8,246 of the Air Force's combat planes were World War II types which would be obsolete by mid-1951. He said that the U.S.S.R.'s possession of the atomic bomb made it imperative for the U.S.A. to have a "truly long-range offensive air arm."
Economics and finance
Japan and the Philippines concluded a $50-million barter agreement in Manila.
Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Finals
New York 4 @ Detroit 5 (Best-of-seven series tied 3-3)
Ted Lindsay and Sid Abel each scored twice, and they each scored a goal in the 3rd period for the Red Wings as they came from behind to edge the Rangers at Olympia Stadium. Mr. Abel scored the winning goal with 9:26 remaining in regulation time.
Baseball
Eddie Yost led off the 10th inning with a single and scored on a 2-out single by Gil Coan to break a 6-6 tie as the Washington Nationals edged the New York Yankees 7-6 before 18,295 fans at Yankee Stadium. Steve Nagy (1-0) pitched a 9-hit complete game victory.
Pinch hitter Paul Lehner led off the bottom of the 15th inning with a home run to give the Philadelphia Athletics a 6-5 win over the Boston Red Sox before 6,977 fans at Shibe Park in Philadelphia. Mr. Lehner was batting for Alex Kellner (1-0), who allowed 12 hits and 5 earned runs in a complete game victory.
Bob Elliott hit a 2-run home run with 1 out in the bottom of the 8th inning to provide the winning margin for the Boston Braves as they edged the Philadelphia Phillies 3-2 before 7,607 fans at Braves Field. Warren Spahn (2-0) pitched a 7-hit complete game, outduelling Curt Simmons (0-1).
Relief pitcher Jack Banta reached first base on an error with 1 out in the bottom of the 8th inning and scored from there on a 2-out double by George Shuba to break a 6-6 tie as the Brooklyn Dodgers came back from a 5-1 deficit to defeat the New York Giants 7-6 before 19,067 fans at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn. Mr. Banta (1-0), the third Brooklyn pitcher, allowed 3 hits and 1 run--earned--in 4 innings. Dan Bankhead made his first major league start for the Dodgers, allowing 4 hits and 5 earned runs in 4 innings, striking out 4, walking 4, and committing a balk, while batting 1 for 1 with a double. Jack Kramer made his first National League start on the mound for the Giants after 10 years in the American League, and hit a 2-run home run.
Roy Smalley hit a solo home run with 1 out in the bottom of the 9th inning to give the Chicago Cubs a 7-6 win over the St. Louis Cardinals before 24,122 fans at Wrigley Field in Chicago. Bob Borkowski made his major league debut with the Cubs, striking out as a pinch hitter in the 2nd inning.
50 years ago
1960
Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): Do You Mind?--Anthony Newley
Baseball
The Detroit Tigers played their home opener before 53,563 fans at Briggs Stadium, defeating the Chicago White Sox 6-5 when Lou Berberet singled home Al Kaline with the bases loaded and 2 out in the bottom of the 9th inning. Rocky Colavito hit a home run in his first at bat in Detroit as a Tiger, and Ed Yost also homered for the Tigers.
Mickey Mantle hit a home run in the 4th inning off Hoyt Wilhelm (0-1) as the New York Yankees won their home opener 5-0 over the Baltimore Orioles before 36,386 fans at Yankee Stadium. Whitey Ford (1-0) and Ralph Terry combined to pitch an 8-hit shutout.
40 years ago
1970
Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): Spirit in the Sky--Norman Greenbaum
Vancouver's Top 10 (CKVN)
1 American Woman/No Sugar Tonight--The Guess Who (2nd week at #1)
2 Something's Burning--Kenny Rogers and the First Edition
3 Little Green Bag--George Baker Selection
4 Let it Be--The Beatles
5 Shilo--Neil Diamond
6 ABC--The Jackson 5
7 Come Running--Van Morrison
8 Vehicle--The Ides of March
9 Come and Get It--Badfinger
10 Love or Let Me Be Lonely--The Friends of Distinction
Singles entering the chart were Turn Back the Hands of Time by Tyrone Davis (#19); What is Truth by Johnny Cash (#24); The Seeker by the Who (#25); Hey Lawdy Mama by Steppenwolf (#26); Words by Anvil Chorus (#27); Run Through the Jungle/Up Around the Bend by Creedence Clearwater Revival (#28); The Letter/Space Captain by Joe Cocker with Leon Russell and the Shelter People (#29); and Hum a Song (From Your Heart) by Lulu with the Dixie Flyers (#30).
Environment
The first Earth Day observances took place. Rallies involving up to 25,000 people were held in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and other big cities in what was originally just an American event. Earth Day organizers said that 2,000 colleges, 10,000 grammar and high schools, and citizens’ groups in 2,000 communities participated. The idea of Earth Day originated with U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson (Democrat--Wisconsin), who was New Age before the term was used. President Richard Nixon informally expressed approval of the program but took no active part in it, putting in a routine day at the White House. Earth Day drew its share of protesters. According to The New York Times Encyclopedic Almanac 1971:
...the Daughters of the American Revolution resolved that Earth Day was "subversive" and that reports of an environmental crisis were "distorted and exaggerated." And the comptroller general of Atlanta sent out a slew of telegrams to President Nixon and others, charging that Earth Day might be a Communist plot because it fell on the centennial of Lenin’s birthday, which, actually, it did.War
Five U.S. aircraft had been shot down over Laos in the previous two days, bringing to 29 the number lost in that sector since March 9.
Economics and finance
The Canadian government allocated $41.2 million in federal aid to Newfoundland and $32.5 million to New Brunswick to compensate for regional inequality.
Baseball
Tom Seaver of the New York Mets tied Steve Carlton’s major league record (since broken) of 19 strikeouts in a 9-inning game as he pitched the Mets to a 2-1 victory over the San Diego Padres before 14,197 fans at Shea Stadium in New York. Mr. Seaver (3-0) struck out the last 10 batters, a record for consecutive strikeouts that still stands. He gave up just 2 hits in the game. Mike Corkins (0-2) took the loss for the Padres, who set a record by striking out 29 times in 2 games.
Don Kessinger had 3 hits, including an inside-the-park home run, and Billy Williams drove in 3 runs to lead the Chicago Cubs past the St. Louis Cardinals 7-5 before 8,783 fans at Wrigley Field in Chicago. Joe Torre and Leron Lee homered for the Cardinals; for Mr. Lee, it was his first major league home run. Ferguson Jenkins (1-2) pitched a 10-hit complete game victory. For St. Louis starting pitcher Mike Torrez (2-1), the loss ended his 11-game winning streak going back to 1969.
Ed Stroud drew a base on balls to lead off the bottom of the 18th inning and eventually scored on a sacrifice fly by Mike Epstein to give the Washington Senators a 2-1 win over the New York Yankees before 6,316 fans at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium in Washington. Joe Grzenda (1-0) won in relief over Ron Klimkowski (0-1).
Cesar Tovar hit a 2-run home run with 1 out in the bottom of the 5th inning to break a 1-1 tie, and the game was called because of rain at the end of the inning, as the Minnesota Twins beat the Chicago White Sox 3-1 before 3,248 fans at Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington. Luis Tiant (2-0) won the pitchers' duel over Joe Horlen (1-2).
30 years ago
1980
Died on this date
Jane Froman, 72. U.S. singer. Miss Froman was a popular singer on stage and radio in the 1930s and '40s. She was one of 15 survivors, but was seriously injured, in the crash of a United Services Overseas plane near Lisbon on February 22, 1943. Miss Froman suffered multiple fractures to her right arm and almost had both legs amputated, but was able to resume her career within a year. She underwent several dozen operations and wore a leg brace for the rest of her life. Her story was the subject of the movie With a Song in My Heart (1952), and Miss Froman provided the singing and served as the film's technical adviser. She retired from performing in 1961, devoting her time to several charities. Miss Froman died of cardiac arrest caused by chronic heart and lung disease, four months after being injured in a car accident.
World events
13 ministers and other top officials of the Liberian government that had been deposed in a military coup 10 days earlier were executed by firing squad.
Olympics
The House of Delegates of the U.S. Olympic Committee voted 1,604-797 in favour of a resolution to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympic games in Moscow. The result was considered to be a major victory for the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, which had been urging the U.S. committee to back its decision to boycott the games, and had been urging other countries to join the boycott.
Diplomacy
The foreign ministers of the 9-member European Economic Community voted unanimously to impose economic and diplomatic sanctions against Iran on May 17 unless "decisive progress" was made to gain release of the hostages being held at the U.S. embassy in Tehran. A total embargo of all exports to Iran except food and medicine would be imposed; until that time, the nine countries would reduce embassy staffs in Tehran and Iranian representation in Europe, introduce a visa system for Iranians travelling to their countries, and withhold permission for all military sales to Iran.
Politics and government
U.S. presidential primaries were held in Pennsylvania. U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy defeated President Jimmy Carter in the Democratic primary by about 10,000 votes of the 1.5 million votes cast, taking 93 Democratic National Convention delegates to 92 for Mr. Carter. In the Republican primary, George Bush took 53% of the vote to 46% for Ronald Reagan, but in the separate delegate contest, Mr. Reagan took 35 delegates to just 17 for Mr. Bush.
Economics and finance
The United States Labor Department reported that consumer prices had risen 1.4% in March, mainly because of rises in the prices of food, clothing, and housing.
Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Quarter-Finals
Minnesota 2 @ Montreal 6 (Montreal led best-of-seven series 3-2)
New York Islanders 4 @ Boston 2 (New York won best-of-seven series 4-1)
New York Rangers 1 @ Philadelphia 3 (Philadelphia won best-of-seven series 4-1)
Baseball
Barry Foote’s grand slam off Mark Littell with 2 out in the bottom of the 9th inning gave the Chicago Cubs a 16-12 win over the St. Louis Cardinals before 18,889 fans at Wrigley Field in Chicago. Mr. Foote had 4 hits, 2 home runs, and 8 runs batted in. Cubs’ shortstop Ivan DeJesus hit for the cycle as the Cubs rallied from a 12-6 5th-inning deficit.
25 years ago
1985
Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): We are the World--USA for Africa (3rd week at #1)
#1 single in Japan (Oricon Singles Chart): Tokonatsu Musume--Kyōko Koizumi
#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): Ni Tú, Ni Nadie--Alaska y Dinarama (3rd week at #1)
Baseball
Kirby Puckett’s first major league home run--a 3-run blast off Matt Young in the 4th inning--helped the Minnesota Twins to a 9-5 win over the Seattle Mariners before 10,200 fans at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis.
20 years ago
1990
Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): Nothing Compares 2 U--Sinéad O'Connor (3rd week at #1)
#1 single in Switzerland: Nothing Compares 2 U--Sinéad O'Connor (9th week at #1)
Austria's Top 10 (Ö3)
1 Nothing Compares 2 U--Sinéad O'Connor (8th week at #1)
2 Ding Dong--Erste Allgemeine Verunsicherung
3 The Power--Snap!
4 Dub Be Good to Me--Beats International
5 Pump ab das Bier--Werner
6 Das erste Mal tat's noch weh--Stefan Waggershausen & Viktor Lazlo
7 The Message is Love--Arthur Baker and the Backbeat Disciples featuring Al Green
8 Got to Get--Rob 'n' Raz featuring Leila K.
9 Dangerous--Roxette
10 Get Up! (Before the Night is Over)--Technotronic
Singles entering the chart were Jier kommt Kurt by Frank Zander (#15); Black Velvet by Alannah Myles (#20); Donna per amore by Al Bano & Romina Power (#22); and That Sounds Good to Me by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers (#26).
Died on this date
Albert Salmi, 62. U.S. actor. Mr. Salmi played character roles in numerous plays, movies, and television programs. He fatally shot his estranged second wife Roberta for no apparent reason and later shot himself to death.
World events
An estimated 200 million people participated in Earth Day observances on the 20th anniversary of the first Earth Day. Events were planned in 3,600 cities and towns in 140 countries. About 750,000 attended a rally and concert in Central Park in New York City. Although it was promoted as an event to express concern about the environment, in fact by 1990 it had become a promotional vehicle for the New Age movement, expressed as outright pagan nature worship. This blogger and fellow investigator Chris Milner attended the Edmonton celebration at Mayfair Park, and I noticed Albertans for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Vegetarians of Alberta, Citizens Organized for Animal Liberation, and Children of Gaia (whose banner, under their name, had the words "Worship the Earth") literally under the same roof in the same tent.
Diplomacy
Kidnappers in Lebanon released Robert Polhill, an American they had been holding hostage, after almost three years in captivity. He had been held with two other captives, and said that he had never seen the sun the whole time he had been in captivity. U.S. President George Bush said that if Iran wanted better relations with the U.S.A., it would have to use its influence with its Shiite allies in Lebanon to secure the release of the other hostages.
Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Division Finals
Edmonton 5 @ Los Angeles 4 (Edmonton led best-of-seven series 3-0)
Chicago 4 @ St. Louis 5 (St. Louis led best-of-seven series 2-1)
10 years ago
2000
Abominations
Shortly after 5 A.M. EDT, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service thugs in Miami broke down the door of Lazaro Gonzalez, and seized 6-year-old Elian Gonzalez from the arms of Donato Dalrymple--who had rescued the boy after Elian’s mother drowned on the way to Florida from Cuba. The boy was flown to Andrews Air Force base, near Washington, D.C., to join his father, who was still a resident of Cuba. U.S. President Bill Clinton and Attorney General Janet Reno defended the raid, but then they would. They had ordered the deaths of innocent people in Waco in 1993, so the kidnapping of a 6-year-old boy at gunpoint was nothing in comparison.
Crime
Bosnian Serb Dragan Nikolic, commander of a detention camp for more than five years, was arrested after the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal accused him of raping, torturing, and killing Muslims. His indictment included the highest number of counts contained in a public indictment issued by the tribunal to that date.
Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Conference Quarter-Finals
Ottawa 1 @ Toronto 2 (OT) (Toronto led best-of-seven series 3-2)
Buffalo 2 @ Philadelphia 5 (Philadelphia won best-of-seven series 4-1)
Steve Thomas scored at 15:30 of the 3rd period to tie the score and at 14:47 of the 1st overtime period to give the Maple Leafs their win over the Senators at Air Canada Centre.
Baseball
The Los Angeles Dodgers scored 5 runs in each of the 5th and 9th innings as they routed the Cincinnati Reds 16-2 before 35,557 fans at Cinergy Field in Cincinnati.
Chris Singleton batted 5 for 5, including a double and home run, and drove in 5 runs to lead the Chicago White Sox over the Detroit Tigers 14-6 before 16,410 fans at Comiskey Park in Chicago. The game featured two brawls and 11 ejections. See videos here and here.
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