361
Politics and government
A month after succeeding Constantius II, Julian entered Constantinople as sole Emperor of the Roman Empire.
1,160 years ago
861
Died on this date
Al-Mutawakkil, 39. Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, 847-861. Al-Mutawakkil ʽalà Allāh succeeded his older half-brother al-Wathiq. The Abbasid Empire reached its territorial height under Al-Mutawakkil's reign, and he ended the persecution of many Islamic scholars, while being less tolerant toward non-Muslims. Al-Mutawakkil had his Turkic commander-in-chief killed, which contributed to his unpopularity. He was assassinated along with his secretary, Al-Fath ibn Khaqan, 43-44 (?), by the Turkish guard, who raised Al-Mutawakkil's eldest son al-Muntasir to the throne, beginning the period of civil strife known as "Anarchy at Samarra."
780 years ago
1241
Died on this date
Ögedei Khan, 55 (?). Emperor of the Mongol Empire, 1229-1241. Ögedei Khan, the third son of Genghis Khan, acceded to the throne upon the death of his father. He continued his father's expansion of the empire, which reached its farthest extent west and south during the Mongol invasions of Europe and conquests of China. Ögedei Khan's wife Töregene Khatun succeeded him as regent until the election of their son Güyük Khan in 1246.
130 years ago
1891
Diplomacy
Two months after the brawl between American sailors and Chilean nationals outside the True Blue Saloon in Valparaiso, Chilean Foreign Minister Manuel Matta declared that the U.S. government was insincere, wrong, and bellicose.
110 years ago
1911
Born on this date
Val Guest. U.K. film director and screenwriter. Mr. Guest, born Valmond Grossman, began writing comedy films in the mid-1930s, and began directing them in 1942. He began working with Hammer Films in the mid-1950s, and the success of The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) influenced Hammer in the direction of horror films. Mr. Guest and Wolf Mankowitz share the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay for The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961), which Mr. Guest directed and co-produced. He was one of five directors of Casino Royale (1967), and worked in television as well as cinema in later years, retiring in the mid-1980s. Mr. Guest died of prostate cancer on May 10, 2006 at the age of 94.
Naguib Mahfouz. Egyptian author. Mr. Mahfouz wrote 34 novels and over 350 short stories. He was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature as a writer "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind." Mr. Mahfouz died on August 30, 2016 at the age of 94.
Politics and government
Premier James Whitney led his governing Conservative Party to a third consecutive majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly in the Ontario provincial election. The Conservatives won 82 of 106 seats, a decline of 4 from before the election. The Liberal Party, led by Newton Rowell, took 22 seats, an increase of 3. The Labour Party and Liberal-Conservative Party each elected 1 candidate.
Law
Alberta brought in its first Motor Vehicles Act. The law set speed limit in towns and cities at 15 miles per hour, and at 20 mph in less settled areas; outside urban areas, drivers were required to slow down to 6 mph when approaching or passing pedestrians and horses, and to assist any horseman who required assistance. Drivers were required to take out a license, must be over 16 years of age if a boy, or over 18 if a young lady.
100 years ago
1921
Born on this date
Liz Smith. U.K. actress. Miss Smith, whose real name was Betty Gleadle, was a character actress in numerous television comedy series and several movies from 1969-2013. She died on December 24, 2016, 13 days after her 95th birthday.
Football
APFA
Canton (4-2-3) 0 @ Chicago Staleys (9-1) 10
Cleveland (3-5) 0 @ Washington (1-1) 7
90 years ago
1931
Law
King George V gave royal assent to the Statute of Westminster, establishing legislative equality for self-governing dominions within the British Empire. A noticeable effect of the statute was that countries such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand would decide for themselves whether to go to war rather than having that decided for them by Great Britain.
Religion
Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, 48, succeeded Monsignor Félix-Raymond-Marie Rouleau as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Quebec. He remained in office until January 17, 1947.
80 years ago
1941
Died on this date
John Gillespie Magee, Jr., 19. U.K. military aviator and poet. Pilot Officer Magee, born in Shanghai to Anglican missionary parents, grew up in England, and was visiting the United States when World War II began. He joined the Royal Canadian Air Force, and was sent to England after training in Ontario. P.O. Magee took part in four convoy patrols in November and December 1941 before being killed in an accidental collision with an Airspeed Oxford trainer flying out of RAF Cranwell, piloted by Leading Aircraftman/Pilot Under-Training Ernest Aubrey Griffin, 19, who was also killed in the collision. P.O. Magee is best known for his poem High Flight (1941), which has been frequently quoted on the occasion of disasters; U.S. President Ronald Reagan recited the poem after the explosion of the U.S. space shuttle Challenger in 1986.
War
Germany and Italy declared war on the United States (hear audio here, here, and here), while Italian Duce Benito Mussolini told a crowd of 150,000 at the Piazza Venezia in Rome that Italy was at war with the United States. The text of the Axis pact among Germany, Italy, and Japan was disclosed by German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler; it committed the three Axis powers to a joint war against the United States and United Kingdom, and precluded a separate peace. The U.S. Congress responded in kind, unanimously declaring war on Germany and Italy. The U.S. Congress amended the Selective Service Act to permit sending troops outside the Western Hemisphere and to extend the terms of all soldiers until six months after the end of the war. U.S. Senator Charles Tobey (Republican--New Hampshire) demanded that Navy Secretary Frank Knox be removed from office after the "unspeakable disaster" at Pearl Harbor. The America First Committee announced that it was dissolving and urged its supporters "to give their full support to the war effort...until peace is attained." Poland declared war on the Empire of Japan, while Cuba, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic declared war on Germany and Italy. Australian Prime Minister John Curtin announced in Melbourne that all single men aged 18-45 and married men aged 18-35 would be required to register for military service under the new draft laws. In the Battle of Hong Kong, D Company of the Winnipeg Grenadiers was dispatched to the mainland to strengthen the Gin Drinkers' Line against the Japanese invaders and saw some action, thus becoming the First Canadian Army unit to fight in the Far East. At midday, General Maltby ordered the mainland troops to withdraw to the island; the Winnipeg Grenadiers covered the Royal Scots' withdrawal down the Kowloon Peninsula. The Imperial Japanese Navy suffered its first loss of surface vessels during the Battle of Wake Island.
Politics and government
Democratic National Committee Chairman Edward J. Flynn and Republican National Committee Chairman Joseph Martin pledged to call off politics in the United States for the duration of the war.
Religion
A plan to merge eight of the largest Protestant interdenominational agencies in the United States and Canada was presented at the Conference on the Cooperation of Interdenominational Agencies.
Economics and finance
Trading in German, Italian, and Japanese securities on the New York Stock Exchange was suspended "until further notice."
75 years ago
1946
War
Iranian forces occupied Mianeh in Azerbaijan, ending the province's autonomy. Azerbaijani nationalist leader Jaafar Pishevari ordered his forces to surrender, and fled to Russia.
World events
Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt announced that a day-old military revolt against the government had been crushed and that there would be no executions.
Diplomacy
Speaking at the World Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, Vice President Emanuel Neumann of the Zionist Organization of America rejected negotiations with the United Kingdom and said that Zionists must depend on American influence and the armed strength of Palestinian Jews.
A four-day All-Slav Congress ended in Belgrade after adopting a resolution to create a cultural alliance of five Slavic nations: Russia; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; Poland; and Yugoslavia.
The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was established.
Law
The United States Army in Germany announced a lifting of the ban against marriage of American soldiers to German girls.
Economics and finance
The U.S. House of Representatives Special Committee on Post-War Economic Policy and Planning issued its final report, recommending lower income taxes, continued rent controls, and "constructive, but not punitive" labour legislation. Former U.S. Office of Price Administration head Paul Porter was named leader of a State Department economic mission to Greece.
Labour
The U.S. Congress of Industrial Organizations released a market analysis report stating that "total corporate business can support a 25% increase in wages" without raising prices. CIO President Philip Murray said that unions would use the report as a "guidepost" in wage talks.
70 years ago
1951
On television tonight
Suspense, on CBS
Tonight's episode: Mediation in Mexico
War
Communist negotiators at Panmunjom agreed to start discussing a prisoner exchange.
Defense
Big Four representatives at the United Nations General Assembly reached agreement on the formation of a new Atomic Energy and Conventional Armaments Commission, to be drawn from Security Council members plus Canada with the task of considering arms control plans.
The European Consultative Assembly in Strasbourg endorsed plans for a supranational authority to control the proposed European Army.
Politics and government
The Argentine government ordered the arrest of oppositional Radical Party leader Ricardo Balbin for failing to appear in court to answer charges of showing disrespect to President Juan Peron during the recent presidential election campaign.
East Germany opposed proposals for a United Nations study on the possibility of holding all-German elections as a step toward German reunification.
Alabama adopted a state constitutional amendment giving county registrars authority to determine who may vote. Negroes charged that the measure would curb their voting rights.
Economics and finance
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees urged the General Assembly to approve a $250-million land development program intended to make Arab refugees from Israel self-sufficient by 1954.
60 years ago
1961
Hit parade
#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): Moliendo Café--Lucho Gatica (4th week at #1)
#1 single in France (IFOP): L'Auto-circulation--Henri Tisot (6th week at #1)
U.S.A. Top 10 (Billboard)
1 Please Mr. Postman--The Marvelettes
2 Big Bad John--Jimmy Dean
3 Goodbye Cruel World--James Darren
4 The Twist--Chubby Checker
5 Walk on By--Leroy Van Dyke
6 The Lion Sleeps Tonight--The Tokens
7 Run to Him--Bobby Vee
8 Tonight--Ferrante & Teicher
9 Let There Be Drums--Sandy Nelson
10 Happy Birthday, Sweet Sixteen--Neil Sedaka
Singles entering the chart were Jambalaya (On the Bayou) by Fats Domino (#63); Dear Lady Twist by Gary (U.S.) Bonds (#65); Jingle Bell Rock by Bobby Rydell/Chubby Checker (#71); Baby's First Christmas by Connie Francis (#73); Twistin' U.S.A. by Chubby Checker (#78); Maria by Roger Williams (#86); Just Got to Know by Jimmy McCracklin (#88); But on the Other Hand Baby by Ray Charles and his Orchestra (#94); Irresistible You by Bobby Darin (#95); Letter Full of Tears by Gladys Knight & the Pips (#99); and Flying Circle by Frank Slay & his Orchestra (#100). But on the Other Hand Baby was the B-side of Unchain My Heart, charting at #26.
On the radio
Macabre, on USAFRS Far East Network
Tonight's episode: The Midnight Horseman
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, starring Carleton Hobbs and Norman Shelley, on BBC
Tonight's episode: The Resident Patient
On television tonight
The Mike Douglas Show, on KYW
This was the first broadcast of the long-running talk and music program, which was originally just broadcast locally in Cleveland.
Thriller, hosted by Boris Karloff, on NBC
Tonight's episode: The Return of Andrew Bentley, starring John Newland, Antoinette Bower, Philip Bourneuf, and Terence de Marney
World events
Adolf Eichmann, head of the Nazi Jewish Bureau in Germany during World War II, was convicted in an Israeli court on all 15 counts. He had been kidnapped and spirited out of Argentina in 1960, and had been charged with 7 "crimes against humanity," 4 "crimes against the Jewish people," 3 based on his membership in the Nazi party, and 1 classified as a "war crime." The charges were:
1/Causing the enslavement, deportation and murder of Jews;
2/Causing the deaths of millions of Jews;
3/Putting millions of Jews in ghettos, labour and concentration camps with the aim of destroying them (the Jews, that is);
4/Sending thousands of Gypsies to extermination camps;
5/Causing the inhuman treatment, deportation and murder of Jews in Axis-occupied areas;
6/Inflicting physical and mental harm on millions of Jews;
7/Planning a program for sterilization of Jews;
8/Deporting 100 Czechoslovakian children from Lidice to Poland, where they were killed;
9/Persecuting Jews on religious, racial, political and national grounds;
10/Appropriating Jewish property by force;
11/Deporting over 500,000 Poles;
12/Deporting 14,000 Slovenes;
13/Being a member of the SS;
14/Being a member of the Nazi Security Police;
15/Being a member of the Gestapo.
The trial in Jerusalem, one of the most publicized trials in history, had lasted from April 11-August 14, 1961.
Americana
Former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was awarded the Freedom Foundation's Patriot's Medal.
Diplomacy
An assistant military attaché at the U.S.S.R.'s Canadian Embassy was expelled for receiving secret Canadian documents.
50 years ago
1971
Hit parade
#1 single in Rhodesia (Lyons Maid): Mammy Blue--Charisma (4th week at #1)
#1 single in Italy (FIMI): Pensiero--Pooh
#1 single in the U.K. (BMRB): Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)--Benny Hill
Australia's Top 10 (Go-Set)
1 Maggie May/Reason to Believe--Rod Stewart
2 Banks of the Ohio--Olivia Newton-John
3 Mammy Blue--Joel Dayde
4 Love is a Beautiful Song--Dave Mills
5 Speak to the Sky--Ricky Springfield
6 Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey--Paul & Linda McCartney
7 Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves--Cher
8 The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down--Joan Baez
9 Peace Train--Cat Stevens
10 Signs--Five Man Electrical Band
Singles entering the chart were Freedom Come, Freedom Go by the Fortunes (#22); Baby Without You by Johnny Farnham and Allison Durbin (#27); Daddy Cool (EP) by Daddy Cool (#28); Me and Bobby McGee by Charley Pride (#34); Till by Tom Jones (#34); and Love is a Beautiful Song by Barry Crocker (#40).
Netherlands Top 10 (De Nederlandse Top 40)
1 Non, Non, Rien N'a Changé--Poppys (2nd week at #1)
2 How Do You Do--Mouth & MacNeal
3 Without a Worry in the World--Rod McKuen
4 Pappie Loop Toch Niet Zo Snel--Herman Van Keeken
5 Soley Soley--The Middle of the Road
6 Schِn ist es auf der Welt zu sein--Roy Black + Anita
7 I Will Return--Springwater
8 Reason to Believe/Maggie May--Rod Stewart
9 Mama Oh Mama--George Baker Selection
10 Out of Sight, Out of Mind--Shocking Blue
Singles entering the chart were Student Demonstration Time by the Beach Boys (#27); Johnny Reggae by the Piglets (#31); Des Chansons Pop by the Poppys (#34); Let's See Action by the Who (#36); and De Mosterdpot by Tony Bass (#37).
U.S.A. Top 10 (Billboard)
1 Family Affair--Sly & the Family Stone (2nd week at #1)
2 Theme from Shaft--Isaac Hayes
3 Have You Seen Her--Chi-Lites
4 Got to Be There--Michael Jackson
5 An Old Fashioned Love Song--Three Dog Night
6 Baby I'm-A Want You--Bread
7 Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves--Cher
8 All I Ever Need is You--Sonny & Cher
9 Brand New Key--Melanie
10 The Desiderata--Les Crane
Singles entering the chart were Anticipation by Carly Simon (#61); Sugar Daddy by the Jackson 5 (#72); Those were the Days by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton (as the Bunkers) (#73); After All this Time by Merry Clayton (#84); Way Back Home (Vocal) by Jr. Walker and the All-Stars (#85); Everybody Knows About My Good Thing Pt 1 by Little Johnny Taylor (#86); Love Potion Number Nine by the Coasters (#88); Take it Slow (Out in the Country) by Lighthouse (#89); That's the Way I Feel About Cha by (The Preacher) Bobby Womack (& Peace) (#91); Get Up and Get Down by the Dramatics (#92); Five Hundred Miles by Heaven Bound with Tony Scotti (#94); No Good to Cry by the Poppy Family (#96); Ain't Understanding Mellow by Jerry Butler and Brenda Lee Eager (#97); Long Time to Be Alone by the New Colony Six (#99); and The Harder I Try (The Bluer I Get) by the Free Movement (#100). Those were the Days was the opening theme from the television comedy series All in the Family.
U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Family Affair--Sly and the Family Stone (3rd week at #1)
2 Theme from Shaft--Isaac Hayes
3 Baby I'm-A Want You--Bread
4 Brand New Key-Melanie
5 Got to Be There--Michael Jackson
6 Have You Seen Her--Chi-Lites
7 Rock Steady--Aretha Franklin
8 Cherish--David Cassidy
9 An Old Fashioned Love Song--Three Dog Night
10 Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves--Cher
Singles entering the chart included Sugar Daddy by the Jackson 5 (#60); It's One of Those Nights by the Partridge Family (#65); Make Me the Woman that You Go Home To by Gladys Knight and the Pips (#71); No Sad Song by Helen Reddy (#80); You Make Your Own Heaven and Hell Right Here on Earth by the Undisputed Truth (#84); Love Gonna Pack Up (And Walk Out) by the Persuaders (#86); Without You by Nilsson (#87); Take it Slow (Out in the Country) by Lighthouse (#88); The Harder I Try (The Bluer I Get) by the Free Movement (#91); No Good to Cry by the Poppy Family (#94); and Once You Understand by Think (#95).
U.S.A. Top 10 (Record World)
1 Have You Seen Her--Chi-Lites
2 Family Affair--Sly and the Family Stone
3 Baby I'm-A Want You--Bread
4 Got to Be There--Michael Jackson
5 An Old Fashioned Love Song--Three Dog Night
6 Rock Steady--Aretha Franklin
7 Imagine--John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band
8 Cherish--David Cassidy
9 Brand New Key-Melanie
10 All I Ever Need is You--Sonny & Cher
Singles entering the chart were It's One of Those Nights by the Partridge Family (#65); Levon by Elton John (#72); Men are Getting Scarce by Chairmen of the Board (#76); Devil You by the Stampeders (#78); Make Me the Woman that You Go Home To by Gladys Knight & the Pips (#82); George Jackson by Bob Dylan (#84); So Many People by Chase (#85); Everybody Knows About My Good Thing Pt 1 by Little Johnny Taylor (#87); Truckin' by the Grateful Dead (#88); You Make Your Own Heaven and Hell Right Here on Earth by the Undisputed Truth (#89); Take it Slow (Out in the Country) by Lighthouse (#90); Way Back Home (Vocal) by Jr. Walker and the All-Stars (#95); You Keep Me Holding On by Tyrone Davis (#96); Number Wonderful by Rock Flowers (#98); and Don't Say You Don't Remember by Beverly Bremers (#99).
Canada’s Top 10 (RPM)
1 Theme from Shaft--Isaac Hayes
2 Family Affair--Sly and the Family Stone
3 Got to Be There--Michael Jackson
4 The Desiderata--Les Crane
5 Baby I'm-A Want You--Bread
6 Two Divided by Love--The Grass Roots
7 An Old Fashioned Love Song--Three Dog Night
8 Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves--Cher
9 Imagine--John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band
10 Peace Train--Cat Stevens
Singles entering the chart were I Can Smell that Funky Music by Eric Mercury (#75); George Jackson by Bob Dylan (#77); Levon by Elton John (#89); It's One of Those Nights by the Partridge Family (#90); An American Trilogy by Mickey Newbury (#91); Anticipation by Carly Simon (#93); Fly Across the Sea by Edward Bear (#94); Treat Me Like a Good Piece of Candy by Dusk (#95); Little Old Rock 'N' Roll Band by Billy Mysner (#97); Pain (Part 1) by Ohio Players (#98); and I'm Gonna Be a Country Girl Again by Buffy Sainte-Marie (#99).
Calgary's Top 10 (Glenn's Music)
1 Lonesome Mary--Chilliwack
2 The Desiderata--Les Crane
3 Baby I'm-A Want You--Bread
4 Do I Love You--Paul Anka
5 Everybody's Everything--Santana
6 Theme from Shaft--Isaac Hayes
7 Questions 67 and 68--Chicago
8 Got to Be There--Michael Jackson
9 Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves--Cher
10 Bow Down to the Dollar--Joshua
Pick hit of the week: Take it Slow (Out in the Country)--Lighthouse
Died on this date
Maurice McDonald, 69. U.S. businessman. Mr. McDonald and his brother Richard founded the fast-food chain McDonald's, opening their first restaurant in San Bernardino, California in 1940, and franchising their system beginning in 1953. They hired Ray Kroc as their franchise agent in 1954, and sold the business to him in 1961. Maurice McDonald died of heart failure.
Football
NFL
Miami (9-3-1) 3 @ Baltimore (10-3) 14
Detroit (7-5-1) 10 @ Minnesota (10-3) 29
40 years ago
1981
Hit parade
#1 single in Sweden (Topplistan): Ooa hela natten--Attack (4th week at #1)
#1 single in France (IFOP): Chi Mai--Ennio Morricone (3rd week at #1)
South Africa's Top 10 (Springbok Radio)
1 Endless Love--Diana Ross & Lionel Richie (3rd week at #1)
2 Urgent--Foreigner
3 Going Back to My Roots--Odyssey
4 It's My Party--Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin
5 It's You, It's You, It's You--Joe Dolan
6 Start Me Up--Rolling Stones
7 Green Door--Shakin' Stevens
8 Wired for Sound--Cliff Richard
9 Queen of Hearts--Juice Newton
10 Dancing on the Floor (Hooked on Love)--Third World
Singles entering the chart were Japanese Boy by Aneka (#19); and Young Turks by Rod Stewart (#20).
Abominations
Armed forces in El Salvador massacred an estimated 900 civilians around the village of El Mozote in an anti-guerrilla campaign during the Salvadoran Civil War.
Diplomacy
The United Nations Security Council chose Javier Perez de Cuellar of Peru to be its fifth Secretary-General.
Boxing
Canadian heavyweight champion Trevor Berbick (20-2-1) won a 10-round unanimous decision over former world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali (56-5) at Queen Elizabeth Sports Centre in Nassau, Bahamas. For Mr. Ali, 39, it was his first fight since losing to current champion Larry Holmes 14 months earlier, and was the last fight in a professional career stretching back to 1960. A regular bell wasn't available for the fight, so a cowbell was used. The bout was broadcast on radio in Edmonton on CJCA, with Don Chevrier calling the blow-by-blow. Among the judges was former Canadian welterweight champion Clyde Gray.
30 years ago
1991
Hit parade
#1 single in Sweden (Topplistan): Black or White-- Michael Jackson (4th week at #1)
On television tonight
The Wonder Years, on ABC
Tonight's episode: Christmas Party
Died on this date
Robert Q. Lewis, 70. U.S. radio and television personality. Mr. Lewis, born Robert Goldberg, was known for his many appearances on radio and television quiz and game shows from the 1950s through the 1970s, sometimes as host, often as panelist. He died from emphysema.
Business
Miller Ayre announced the closing of the 60-store St. John's, Newfoundland-based Ayres retail chain, blaming the Goods and Services Tax imposed at the beginning of 1991 by the Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. The company was 142 years old.
25 years ago
1996
Died on this date
Willie Rushton, 59. U.K. humourist. Mr. Rushton was a cartoonist and satirist who co-founded the magazine Private Eye in 1961. He was part of the cast of the satirical television program That Was the Week That Was (1962-1963), and was a panelist on the radio game show I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue (1974-1996), among many other credits. Mr. Rushton died of a heart attack.
Labour
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Société Radio-Canada President Perrin Beatty announced new cuts of $5.5 million and 378 employees.
20 years ago
2001
Died on this date
Mainza Chona, 71. Prime Minister of Zambia, 1973-1975, 1977-1978. Vice President of Zambia, 1970-1973. Mr. Chona, born Sikaye Chingula Namukamba, became the first president of the United National Independence Party (UNIP) in 1959, stepping down in favour of Kenneth Kaunda when Mr. Kaunda was released from prison in 1960. Mr. Chona served as National Secretary of UNIP (1961-1969); following Zambian independence in 1964, he held various cabinet posts until the constitution of the Second Republic came into effect in 1973. Mr. Chona served two terms as Prime Minister, but was removed from UNIP's central committee in 1981, and refused an appointment as Amassador to China. He changed his mind in 1984, and served as Zambian Ambassador to China (1984-1989) and Amassador to France (1989-1992). Mr. Chona died while undergoing dialysis in Johannesburg.
War
The government of Canada issued a statement of regret over the execution of 23 volunteer soldiers for cowardice or desertion during the First World War, and allowed the soldiers' names to be added to the Book of Remembrance on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.
Economics and finance
China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Labour
Consignia, the company which ran the U.K. Post Office, announced that up to 30,000 Post Office workers could lose their jobs over the next 18 months.
10 years ago
2011
Died on this date
Susan Gordon, 62. U.S. actress. Miss Gordon, the daughter of director Bert I. Gordon, began appearing in television commercials at the age of 2, and appeared in numerous television programs as a child and teenager. She retired from acting in 1967, and died of thyroid cancer.
Politics and government
Economist Daniel Paillé was elected leader of the Bloc québécois, receiving 61.28% of the vote on the second ballot of the party's leadership convention in Quebec City. Maria Mourany, MP for Ahuntsic, finished second in the voting.
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