October 22, 2021

1,570 years ago
451

Religion
The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, was adopted by the Council of Chalcedon.

1,280 years ago
741

Died on this date
Charles Martel, 53 (?). Duke and Prince of the Franks, 718-741. Duke Charles, the illegitimate son of Pepin of Herstal, succeeded his father, and was de facto ruler of Francia. He has been credited with a seminal role in the development of Frankish feudalism, but is best known for defeating invading forces of the Umayyad Caliphate in the Battle of Tours (732). A year before his death, Duke Charles divided the kingdom between his sons Carloman and Pepin, the latter of whom was the father of Emperor Charlemagne.

320 years ago
1701

Born on this date
Maria Amalia. Holy Roman Empress, 1742-1745. Maria Amalia, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I and Empress Wilhelmina Amalia, married Prince-Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria in 1722. She became Electress of Bavaria in 1726 and queen consort of Bohemia (1741) and Holy Roman Empress consort (1742) upon her husband's coronation as Emperor Charles VII. He died on January 20, 1745, and was succeeded by Francis I. Dowager Empress Maria Amalia resided at Fuerstenried Palace in Munich until her death on December 11, 1756 at the age of 55.

300 years ago
1721

Russiana
The Russian Empire was proclaimed by Czar Peter I "the Great" after the Swedish defeat in the Great Northern War.

280 years ago
1741

Died on this date
Willem IV, 40. Prince of Orange and Prince of Orange-Nassau, 1711-1751. Willem IV was Prince of Orange and Prince of Orange-Nassau from birth, six weeks after the accidental drowning of his father Johan Willem Friso. Willem IV was Stadtholder of Friesland, Stadtholder of Groningen, and Stadtholder of Guelders before becoming the first hereditary Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1747, serving until his death from a stroke. He was succeeded in his existing titles by his son Willem V.

275 years ago
1746

Academia
The College of New Jersey (later renamed Princeton University) received its charter.

210 years ago
1811

Born on this date
Franz Liszt. Hungarian musician and composer. Mr. Liszt was the most praised pianist of his day, and composed works too numerous to mention here. He died on July 31, 1886 at the age of 74.

200 years ago
1821

Born on this date
Collis Potter Huntington. U.S. railroad magnate. Mr. Huntington was one of the Big Four--with Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker--who invested in Theodore Judah's idea to build the Central Pacific Railroad in the 1860s as part of the first U.S. transcontinental railroad. Mr. Huntington also helped to develop and lead other major railroads, such as the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (C&O). He died on August 13, 1900 at the age of 78.

175 years ago
1846

Communications
The Toronto, Hamilton, Niagara, and St. Catharines Electro-Magnetic Telegraph Company, Canada's first, was founded in Toronto, with Thomas Harris as president.

140 years ago
1881

Born on this date
Clinton Davisson. U.S. physicist. Dr. Davisson shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals." Dr. Davisson died on February 1, 1958 at the age of 76.

Football
Canadian university
McGill University and the University of Toronto played Canada's first college football game at University Lawn in Toronto, with McGill winning by a margin of two tries.

130 years ago
1891

Born on this date
Parker Fennelly. U.S. actor. Mr. Fennelly played crusty New England characters in numerous radio and television programs and in several movies, including The Trouble with Harry (1955). He died on January 22, 1988 at the age of 96.

Died on this date
Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow, 45. Austrian physiologist. Dr. Fleischl-Marxow was a professor at the University of Vienna who became known for his important investigations on the electrical activity of nerves and the brain, and was also an inventor of new devices which were widely adopted in clinical medicine and physiological research. As a research assistant in his early years, he accidentally cut his thumb while dissecting a cadaver, resulting in amputation, and addiction to morphine and heroin as a reaction to continuing pain. Dr. Fleischl-Marxow was a close friend of Sigmund Freud, who recommended cocaine as a treatment for his morphine addiction. Dr. Fleischl-Marxow followed Dr. Freud's advice, became addicted to cocaine, and returned to the use of morphine, hastening his death.

125 years ago
1896

Born on this date
José Leitão de Barros. Portuguese film director. Mr. Leitão de Barros was a painter, journalist, and playwright, but was primarily known for his films, often in the genres of historical fiction and ethnography. His movies included Maria do Mar (1930); A Severa (1931)--Portugal's first all-talking film--and Ala-Arriba! (1942). Mr. Leitão de Barros died from a retroperitoneal tumour on June 29, 1967 at the age of 67.

110 years ago
1911

Baseball
World Series
New York Giants @ Philadelphia Athletics (postponed, rain) (Philadelphia led best-of-seven series 2-1)

100 years ago
1921

Born on this date
Georges Brassens. French musician. Mr. Brassens was a singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who wrote more than 200 songs and recorded 14 albums from 1952-1976, with his songs expressing his anarchist beliefs. He remains influential in France and internationally, with his songs recorded in more than 20 languages. Mr. Brassens died of cancer on October 29, 1981, a week after his 60th birthday.

Sport
The Nova Scotia fishing schooner Bluenose defeated the New England schooner Elsie in the first race of a best-of-three series in her first International Schooner Championship.

Football
CRU
ORFU
Parkdale Canoe Club (3-0) 17 @ Toronto Rugby & Athletic Association (0-3) 7

ARU
Edmonton (3-0) 41 @ University of Alberta (0-3) 0

Jimmy Enright scored 3 touchdowns, Curly Dorman added 2 touchdowns and a convert, Bill Rankin added a TD and covert, and Jack Fraser scored a convert for the Eskimos as they routed the Golden Bears at Varsity Stadium in Edmonton.

80 years ago
1941

Died on this date
Guy Môquet, 17. French Communist. Mr. Môquet was one of 49 French resistance members executed on the orders of General Heinrich von Stulpnagel, German commander in occupied France, in reprisal for the assassination two days earlier of Lieutenant General Paul Hotz, commander of German forces in Nantes.

War
The British government announced Royal Air Force raids on Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, France and North Africa the previous night and that day. German authorities seized 100 more French hostages in reprisal for the previous night's slaying of Major Hans Gottfried Reimers in Bordeaux. General Robert E. Wood of the America First Committee challenged U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to ask Congress for a declaration of war.

Economics and finance
U.S. Commerce Secretary Jesse Jones announced that the Export-Import Bank had granted Mexico a $30-million credit for road improvement and the completion of an international highway to Central and South America.

Labour
The Congress of Industrial Organizations United Mine Workers of America ordered a strike at midnight October 25 in soft coal mines owned by seven steel companies to back up its demand for a closed shop.

75 years ago
1946

Abominations
Operation Osoaviakhim took place, recruiting thousands of military-related technical specialists from the Soviet occupation zone of post-World-War-II Germany for employment in the U.S.S.R.

Protest
U.S. tanks patrolled Seoul after a mob protesting the arrest of left-wing leader Moon Eun-chong tried to kill Seoul's chief of police.

Defense
The U.S. War Department revealed that Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan General Douglas MacArthur had been asked for a report on the morale of troops in the Pacific after numerous complaints of clashes between U.S. soldiers and civilians in Europe and Asia.

Politics and government
The Soviet newspaper Pravda announced the appointment of Georgi Malenkov as one of eight vice chairmen of the Council of Ministers, the main U.S.S.R. executive organ.

The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Un-American Activities subpoenaed Gerhard Eisler, charged with former Communist Louis Budenz with being a Soviet agent.

Labour
Meeting for the second day, the U.K. Trades Union Congress adopted a report urging a goal of 100% union membership in all industries and barring jurisdictional disputes within factories.

Disasters
Two British destroyers were damaged, with 40 sailors killed or missing, when they struck mines off the coast of Albania.

70 years ago
1951

On television tonight
Lights Out, on NBC
Tonight's episode: The Deal, starring Tom Ewell, Joseph Wiseman, Anne Bancroft, and Martin Gabel



War
American and Communist delegates agreed on the creation of a neutral zone at Panmunjom for renewed Korean truce talks. U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt Vandenberg said in Washington that radio conversations between MiG pilots in dogfights over Korea were in Russian.

Defense
The U.S.A. reported detection of a third Soviet atomic explosion. Meanwhile, the United States detonated Buster-Jangle Able, the first in a series of seven atomic devices to be detonated in Nevada.

The United Kingdom halted shipments of military equipment to Egypt as British troops occupied the city of Suez at the southern end of the Canal Zone.

12 North Atlantic Council deputies in London signed an agreement admitting Turkey and Greece to NATO.

Diplomacy
U.S. President Harry Truman gave Philip Jessup an interim appointment as U.S. delegate to the United Nations General Assembly, claiming that charges linking Mr. Jessup to Communism were "utterly without foundation."

Politics and government
Socialist candidate Alfredo Palacios withdrew from the Argentine presidential race following his party's decision to give up campaigning.

Baseball
Lou Boudreau, who had played shortstop with the Boston Red Sox in 1951, signed a two-year contract to manage the team as well as playing. He had been both player and manager with the Cleveland Indians from 1942-1950.

60 years ago
1961

Football
CFL
Montreal (3-8-1) 5 @ Hamilton (9-3) 15

NFL
Baltimore (3-3) 17 @ Detroit (3-3) 14
Cleveland (4-2) 30 @ Pittsburgh (1-5) 28
Green Bay (5-1) 33 @ Minnesota (1-5) 7
Los Angeles (1-5) 14 @ New York (5-1) 24
Philadelphia (5-1) 43 @ Dallas (3-3) 7
St. Louis (3-3) 24 @ Washington (0-5) 0
San Francisco (4-2) 0 @ Chicago (4-2) 31

AFL
Buffalo (3-4) 21 @ Boston (3-3-1) 52
San Diego (7-0) 41 @ Oakland (1-5) 10
New York (3-3) 10 @ Denver (3-4) 27
Dallas (3-3) 7 @ Houston (2-3-1) 38

The Chicago defense succeeded in shutting down and shutting out the 49ers' shotgun offense, using rotating quarterbacks John Brodie, Billy Kilmer, and Bobby Waters, which had scored 123 points in the previous 3 games.

Baseball
Nippon Series
Yomiuri Giants 0 @ Nankai Hawks 6 (Nankai led best-of-seven series 1-0)

Katsuya Nomura, Yoshio Anabuki, and Yōsuke Terata hit home runs, while Joe Stanka (1-0) pitched a 3-hitter for the Hawks as they shut out the Giants before 30,720 fans at Osaka Stadium. Minoru Nakamura (0–1) took the loss.

50 years ago
1971

Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): L'Amour est l'Enfante de la Liberte--Rumour

#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): Borriquito--Peret

South Africa's Top 10 (Springbok Radio)
1 Mammy Blue--Charisma
2 Never Ending Song of Love--The New Seekers
3 You--Peter Maffay
4 Co-Co--The Sweet
5 Tweedle Dee, Tweedle Dum--Middle of the Road
6 Tom Tom Turnaround--New World
7 Daar's Niks Soos Ware Liefde--Groep Twee
8 Silver Threads and Golden Needles--Barbara Ray
9 Butterfly--Danyel Gerard
10 Never Ending Song of Love--Delaney & Bonnie & Friends

The only single entering the chart was Stagger Lee by Tommy Roe (#20).

Vancouver's Top 10 (CKLG)
1 Yo-Yo--The Osmonds
2 Superstar--Carpenters
3 Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves--Cher
4 Smiling Faces Sometimes--The Undisputed Truth
5 Birds of a Feather--Raiders
6 Down by the River--Joey Gregorash
7 One Fine Morning--Lighthouse
8 I've Found Someone of My Own--The Free Movement
9 Peace Train--Cat Stevens
10 Theme from Shaft--Isaac Hayes

Singles entering the chart were Everybody's Everything by Santana (#25); Baby I'm-A Want You by Bread (#26); Lovin' You Ain't Easy by Pagliaro (#27); Bless You by Martha Reeves & the Vandellas (#28); If You Really Love Me by Stevie Wonder (#29); and Your Move by Yes (#30).

Vancouver's Top 10 (CKVN)
1 Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves--Cher
2 If You Really Love Me--Stevie Wonder
3 Peace Train--Cat Stevens
4 I've Found Someone of My Own--The Free Movement
5 Imagine--John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band
6 Theme from Shaft--Isaac Hayes
7 Mammy Blue--Pop-Tops
8 Down by the River--Joey Gregorash
9 Yo-Yo--The Osmonds
10 One Fine Morning--Lighthouse

Singles entering the chart were Never My Love by the 5th Dimension (#34); Life is a Carnival by The Band (#35); Two Divided by Love by the Grass Roots (#36); Lisa, Listen to Me by Blood, Sweat & Tears (#37); Baby I'm-A Want You by Bread (#38); Your Move by Yes (#39); and The Desiderata by Les Crane (#40).

Politics and government
Cambodian Prime Minister Lon Nol imposed a state of emergency and abolished constitutional rule as a measure to prevent a threatened outbreak of violence.

40 years ago
1981

Hit parade
Edmonton's Top 10 (CFRN)
1 More to Love--Jim Photoglo (4th week at #1)
2 When She was My Girl--Four Tops
3 (You'll Always Find Me) In the Kitchen at Parties--Jona Lewie
4 Breaking Away--Balance
5 We're in this Love Together--Al Jarreau
6 Step by Step--Eddie Rabbitt
7 Private Eyes--Daryl Hall & John Oates
8 Alien--Atlanta Rhythm Section
9 Atlanta Lady (Something About Your Love)--Marty Balin
10 Arthur's Theme (Best that You Can Do)--Christopher Cross

Labour
The United States Federal Labor Relations Authority voted to decertify the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) for its strike the previous August.

Baseball
Lee Elia was hired as manager of the Chicago Cubs.

30 years ago
1991

Died on this date
Hachiro Kasuga, 67. Japanese singer. Mr. Kasuga, born Minoru Watabe, was regarded as the first singer in the genre of music known as enka. He had numerous hit records from the late 1940s through the early '60s, and continued to perform until his death from cirrhosis of the liver and cardiopulmonary failure, 13 days after his 67th birthday.

Baseball
World Series
Minnesota 4 @ Atlanta 5 (12 innings) (Minnesota led best-of-seven series 2-1)

The Braves led the Twins 4-1 after 6 innings before 50,878 fans at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium in the first World Series game ever played in Atlanta, but the Twins rallied for 1 in the 7th and 2 in the 8th. Not used to playing without a designated hitter (the game was played in a National League park, hence no DH), Minnesota manager Tom Kelly almost ran out of players as the game dragged along. Mark Lemke singled home David Justice from second base with 2 out in the bottom of the 12th to end the game after a then-record 4 hours and 4 minutes.



Nippon Series
Seibu Lions 1 @ Hiroshima Toyo Carp 0 (Seibu led best-of-seven series 2-1)

Koji Akiyama's home run in the top of the 8th inning provided the game's only run as the Lions edged the Carp before 27,713 fans at Hiroshima Municipal Stadium. Hisanobu Watanabe (1–0) pitched a 5-hitter to win the pitchers' duel over Manabu Kitabeppu (0–1), who allowed 4 hits in 7.2 innings.

25 years ago
1996

Economics and finance
The Godfrey-Milliken bill was introduced in the Canadian House of Commons by Liberal MPs John Godfrey (Don Valley West) and Peter Milliken (Kingston and the Islands) in response to the U.S. Helms-Burton Act. The Canadian bill said that 3 million Canadian descendants of 80,000 uprooted loyalists from the time of the American Revolution had a right to compensation for their confiscated property. The bill was not passed.

Labour
General Motors and the Canadian Auto Workers settled a three-week strike that had idled workers at the GM plants in Oshawa, Ontario and Boisbriand, Quebec.

Baseball
World Series
New York Yankees 5 @ Atlanta Braves 2 (Atlanta led best-of-seven series 2-1)

Bernie Williams' 2-run home run highlighted a 3-run 8th inning as the Yankees beat the Braves before 51,843 fans at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium. Mr. Williams scored 2 runs and drove in 3. David Cone (1-0) allowed 4 hits and 1 run--earned--to win the pitchers' duel over Tom Glavine (0-1), who allowed 4 hits and 2 runs--1 earned--in 7 innings.



Nippon Series
Yomiuri Giants 2 @ Orix BlueWave 5 (Orix led best-of-seven series 3-0)

The Blue Wave scored 4 runs in the bottom of the 2nd inning to break a 1-1 tie and coasted to victory over the Giants before 33,026 fans at Green Stadium Kobe. Shane Mack and Toshihisa Nishi hit solo home runs for the Giants.

20 years ago
2001

Weather
The United Kingdom braced for its worst floods in 20 years.

Baseball
American League Championship Series
Seattle 3 @ New York 12 (New York won best-of-seven series 4-1)

An error by Seattle third baseman David Bell led to 4 unearned runs in the bottom of the 3rd inning, giving the Yankees a 4-0 lead before 56,370 fans at Yankee Stadium. It was 9-0 after 6 before the Mariners rallied for 3 runs in the 7th, but Tino Martinez hit a 3-run home run in the 8th to make the score 12-3. It was the fourth straight AL pennant for the Yankees and a disappointing ending to the season for a Seattle team that had won an AL-record 116 games during the regular season.





10 years ago
2011

Football
CFL
Montreal (10-6) 25 @ Winnipeg (10-6) 26



British Columbia (9-7) 10 @ Hamilton (8-8) 42



CIS
St. Mary's 28 @ Acadia 41



Baseball
World Series
St. Louis Cardinals 16 @ Texas Rangers 7 (St. Louis led best-of-seven series 2-1)

Albert Pujols batted 5 for 6 with 3 home runs, 4 runs, and 6 runs batted in to help the Cardinals beat the Rangers before 51,462 fans at the Ballpark in Arlington.