March 31, 2021

500 years ago
1521

Religion
Ferdinand Magellan and 50 of his men came ashore to present-day Limasawa to participate in the first Catholic mass in the Philippines.

400 years ago
1621

Died on this date
Philip III/II, 42. King of Spain, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, 1598-1621. King Felipe III of Spain and Filipe II of Portugal acceded to his thrones upon the death of his father Philip I/II. Felipe III/Filipe II reigned when the Spanish Empire was at its height; he achieved temporary peace with the Dutch, and military success during the early years of the Thirty Years' War, but he was criticized for relying too much on chief minister Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma, and his kingdom was declared bankrupt in 1607. King Felipe III/Filipe II took ill after leaving Portugal in 1619, and never recovered. He died from a pulmonary embolism, two weeks before his 43rd birthday, as the result of prolonged immobilzation, and was succeeded by his son Felpe IV/Filipe III.

390 years ago
1631

Died on this date
John Donne, 59. English clergyman and poet. Very Rev. Donne was born into a recusant Roman Catholic family, but eventually converted to Anglicanism. He was ordained an Anglican priest in 1615, and was Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral in London from 1621 until his death. Very Rev. Donne was known for his sermons, but was best known as the most prominent of the metaphysical poets, writing love poems, sonnets, religious poems, and satires.

350 years ago
1671

Died on this date
Anne Hyde, 34. English royal family member. Miss Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, met James, Duke of York, son of King Charles I, in the Netherlands, where he had fled after his father's execution in 1649. The couple were married in 1660, with Anne becoming Duchess of York and Albany. Anne converted from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism soon after their marriage, and James later converted to Catholicism, which eventually led to the Glorious Revolution in 1688. The couple had eight children; six died in early childhood, but the survivors went on to become Queen Mary II and Queen Anne. Anne, Duchess of York and Albany died of breast cancer, 19 days after her 34th birthday. The Duke of York married Mary of Modena, a Roman Catholic, two years later, and acceded to the throne as King James II in 1685, but was deposed in the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

270 years ago
1751

Died on this date
Frederick, Prince of Wales, 44. U.K. royal family member. Frederick, the eldest but estranged son of King George II, was born in Hanover and was left there at the age of 7 in the care of his grand-uncle when his grandfather King George I and the future George II went to England upon George I's accession to the throne in 1714. Frederick didn't see his parents again until 1728, when he went to England the year after his father acceded to the throne; Frederick was created Prince of Wales in 1729. He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and was Chancellor of the University of Dublin from 1728 until his death. Prince Frederick married Augusta of Saxe-Gotha in 1736; the couple had nine children, the last of whom was born after Prince Frederick died of what may have been a pulmonary embolism. Prince Frederick was heir apparent to the throne, but when he died, that distinction was passed on to his eldest son, who acceded to the throne in 1760 as King George III.

260 years ago
1761

Disasters
The 1761 Lisbon earthquake struck off the Iberian Peninsula with an estimated magnitude of 8.5, six years after another earthquake had destroyed the city.

200 years ago
1821

Academia
McGill College (forerunner of McGill University) was granted a Royal charter.

170 years ago
1851

Born on this date
Francis Bell. Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1925. Sir Francis, a member of the Reform Party, was the first native-born Prime Minister of New Zealand. He held various cabinet posts from 1912 until becoming Prime Minister on May 14, 1925, four days after the death of William Massey. Sir Francis held the office for just 16 days, declining the party's offer to continue, and was replaced by Gordon Coates. Sir Francis died on March 13, 1936, 18 days before his 85th birthday.

150 years ago
1871

Born on this date
Arthur Griffith. Irish journalist and politician. Mr. Griffith founded the nationalist newspaper The United Irishman in 1899, and founded the political party Sinn Féin in 1905, serving as its president from 1911-1917. He represented East Cavan (1918-1921) and Cavan (1921-1922) in the Teachta Dála, and represented Fermanagh and Tyrone in the Northern Ireland Parliament (1921-1922), serving as Ireland's Minister for Home Affairs (1919-1921) and Minister for Foreign Affairs (1921-1922). Mr. Griffith led the Irish delegation at the negotiations that produced the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, and served as President of Dáil Éireann from January 10, 1922 until his death from a cerebral hemorrhage resulting from heart failure at the age of 51 on August 12, 1922.

130 years ago
1891

Born on this date
Victor Varconi. Hungarian-born actor. Mr. Varconi, born Mihály Várkony began acting in silent films in his native country before appearing in films in Germany and Austria in the early 1920s. He became the first Hungarian to act in an American movie when he played a supporting role in Poisoned Paradise: The Forbidden Story of Monte Carlo (1924). Mr. Varconi played Pontius Pilate in The King of Kings (1927) and continued to have prominent roles in silent movies, but his Hungarian accent wasn't suited to American sound movies, and his roles diminished, although he appeared in movies until 1959. He and fellow Hungarian native Bela Lugosi appeared together in The Black Camel (1931). Mr. Varconi died of a heart attack on June 6, 1976 at the age of 85.

120 years ago
1901

Opera
Rusalka by Antonín Dvořák, with libretto by Jaroslav Kvapil, received its premiére performance at the National Opera House in Prague.

110 years ago
1911

Born on this date
Freddie Green. U.S. musician. Mr. Green was a jazz guitarist who played with Count Basie's band from 1937 until his death on March 1, 1987, 30 days before his 76th birthday. Mr. Green also performed with artists such as Buck Clayton and Sarah Vaughan.

100 years ago
1921

Born on this date
Lowell Fulson. U.S. musician. Mr. Fulson, aka Lowell Fulsom, was a guitarist and songwriter who was the most important figure in West Coast blues in the 1940s and '50s. He recorded seven songs which reached the top ten of the Billboard rhythm and blues singles chart, with Blue Shadows reaching #1 and its B-side, Low Society Blues, reaching #8 in 1950. Mr. Fulson died from complications of kidney disease, diabetes, and congestive heart failure on March 7, 1999, 24 days before his 78th birthday.

Peggy Rea. U.S. actress. Miss Rea was a character actress who appeared in numerous television programs from the 1950s through the 1990s, often in matronly roles. She played Jean Kelly in 51 episodes of the comedy series Grace Under Fire (1993-1998). Miss Rea died of heart failure on February 5, 2011 at the age of 89.

Defense
The Royal Australian Air Force was formed.

Hockey
NHL/PCHA
Stanley Cup
Finals
Ottawa Senators (NHL) 2 @ Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) 3 (Best-of-five series tied 2-2)

90 years ago
1931

Died on this date
Knute Rockne, 43. U.S. football coach. Mr. Rockne, a native of Norway, was head coach at the University of Notre Dame from 1918 until his death. He was credited with popularizing the forward pass. The Fighting Irish compiled a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and 5 ties in 13 seasons under Mr. Rockne, and became an American institution. His teams won national championships in 1919; 1920; 1924; 1929; and 1930. Mr. Rockne, who was flying from Kansas City to Los Angeles to make a football movie, was killed along with six other people when their plane’s engines failed and it crashed in a pasture near Bazaar, Kansas. The biographical movie Knute Rockne, All American, starring Pat O’Brien, was released in 1940. Mr. Rockne was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a charter member in 1951.

Education
Quebec education secretary Athanase David presented an agreement on education of Jewish students in the province.

Disasters
An earthquake in Nicaragua destroyed Managua, killing 2,000 people.

80 years ago
1941

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): The Woodpecker Song--Kate Smith; Glenn Miller and his Orchestra (5th month at #1)

War
The Cuban government seized an Italian freighter as a "precautionary measure," while the crews of a German freighter and an Italian liner set fire to their ships in Costa Rican ports.

Diplomacy
Japanese Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka arrived in Rome to exchange personal greetings with Italian leaders.

German Minister to Yugoslavia Viktor von Heeren left Belgrade for Berlin; the Italian diplomatic colony also left.

Germany and Italy protested to the U.S. State Department against the seizure of their merchant ships.

Academia
City College of New York registrar John Kenneth Ackley was suspended pending a trial before the Board of Higher Education on charges that he was a member of the Communist Party.

Economics and finance
TNEC urged a "permanent decentralization" of economic and political power to safeguard democracy in a report to Congress based on its two-year investigation of corporations.

The U.S. Justice Department announced that a grand jury had indicted three of the country's largest drug manufacturers on charges of violating the Sherman Antitrust Act by fixing the price of insulin.

Labour
The U.S. National Defense Mediation Board announced the settlement of the Congress of Industrial Organizations Steel Workers Organizing Committee at Vanadium Steel Corporation's plant in Bridgeville, Pennsylvania.

Deportation procedures against Australian-born CIO leader Harry Bridges began in San Francisco.

75 years ago
1946

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): Rum and Coca-Cola--The Andrews Sisters (2nd month at #1)

Died on this date
John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, 59. U.K. military officer and politician. Viscount Gort served with the British Expeditionary Force in France in World War I--winning the Victoria Cross in 1918--and commanded the force in the first year of World War II; the force was evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940. He served as Governor of Gibraltar (1941-1942); Governor of Malta (1942-1944); and High Commissioner for Palestine and High Commissioner for Trans-Jordan (1944-1945). Viscount Gort died of liver cancer.

Politics and government
In Greece's first parliamentary elections in 10 years, the right-wing Greek Populist Party won a majority of 200 seats, as leftists boycotted the elections.

The moderate leftist cabinet of Socialist Prime Minister Achille van Acker took office in Belgium, with former Prime Minister Paul-Henri Spaak as Foreign Minister.

Social Democrats in the Western zones of Berlin rejected a merger with Communists, but voted for continued cooperation, while Soviet authorities prevented a vote in their zone.

Former Italian Prime Minisers Vittorio Orlando, Ivanoe Bonomi, and Francesco Nitti, along with philosopher Benedetto Croce, announced the formation of the right-wind Democratic Union.

Diplomacy
The U.S.S.R. paid the United Nations $1.7 million, its share of the UN's $25-million working capital fund.

Defense
The U.S. State, War, and Navy Departments announced that the Army and Navy Staff College would be reorganized as the National War College and would give courses in civilian subjects pertinent to national defense.

Medicine
The American Chemical Society awarded its Priestly Medal to Sir Ian Morris Heilbron of the United Kingdom for his work with penicillin and vitamins.

Health
The American Geographical Society announced plans for the compilation of an Atlas of Diseases to aid in the study of the relationship between environment and health.

Religion
The World Council of Churches established a loan fund to help rebuild church buildings destroyed in World War II.

70 years ago
1951

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): Silver Dollar--Art Mooney and his Orchestra (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): If--Perry Como (Best Seller--4th week at #1; Disc Jockey--5th week at #1; Jukebox--1st week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Be My Love--Mario Lanza (5th week at #1)
2 If--Perry Como
3 My Heart Cries for You--Guy Mitchell
--Dinah Shore
--Vic Damone
--Jimmy Wakely
4 You’re Just in Love--Perry Como
5 The Tennessee Waltz--Patti Page
--Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians
--Les Paul and Mary Ford
--Jo Stafford
6 Aba Daba Honeymoon--Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter
7 Mockin’ Bird Hill--Les Paul and Mary Ford
--Patti Page
8 A Penny a Kiss--Tony Martin and Dinah Shore
9 Would I Love You (Love You, Love You)--Patti Page
10 The Roving Kind--Guy Mitchell
--The Weavers

Singles entering the chart were Lonesome Gal by Dinah Shore (#25); Always You, with versions by Bobby Wayne; and Nat King Cole (#30); and Shenandoah Waltz, with versions by the Baron Eliot Octet; and Tommy Tucker and his Orchestra (#31).

Diplomacy
In a speech endorsed by the U.S. State Department, Republican Party foreign affairs adviser John Foster Dulles gave the "suggested" outlines of a peace treaty with Japan, including limitation of Japanese rule to the home islands, continued U.S. administration of the Ryukyu and Bonin islands and eventual Japanese membership in a Pacific defense alliance.

Defense
U.S. President Harry Truman ordered draft deferment of college students who had high scholastic standings or received high marks on special aptitude tests to be given by the government this spring and summer.

Technology
Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.

Economics and finance
U.S. Commerce Secretary Charles Sawyer told the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee that government sales of surplus World War II ships had been made to private groups with full knowledge that the transactions might lead to large profits and avoidance of federal taxes.

Swimming
NCAA championships @ Austin, Texas
Yale University won the national championship.

60 years ago
1961

Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): Wooden Heart--Elvis Presley (2nd week at #1)

On television tonight
The Twilight Zone, on CBS
Tonight’s episode: Long Distance Call, starring Billy Mumy, Lili Darvas, and Philip Abbott

This was the sixth and last episode to be shot on videotape instead of film. The videotaped episodes were transferred to film for television broadcast, but were restored to their original format for release on videocassette and DVD.

50 years ago
1971

Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): Hot Love--T. Rex (2nd week at #1)

Space
The satellite ISIS 2, a U.S.-Canada collaboration, was launched. Its mission was to study ionization in the atmosphere.

Crime
The court-martial jury that had convicted U.S. Army Lieutenant William Calley of murder two days earlier for his role in the 1968 massacre of civilians in the South Vietnamese hamlet of My Lai sentenced him to life imprisonment along with dismissal from the service and forfeiture of his pay and allowances, but he was to retain his status and pay until the case was reviewed by another command.

Terrorism
FLQ terrorist Paul Rose was sentenced in Montreal to life in prison for his role in the October 1970 kidnapping and murder of Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte and the kidnapping of British Trade Commissioner James Cross.

Diplomacy
India introduced a resolution to the United Nations charging that the killing of rebels in Bangladesh by Pakistani soldiers "amounts to genocide."

Disasters
Four pilots on a Western Airlines training flight were killed when it crashed and burned on landing at Ontario, California.

40 years ago
1981

Died on this date
Enid Bagnold, 91. U.K. authoress and playwright. Miss Bagnold wrote novels, plays, and poems in a career spanning more than 50 years. She was best known for the novel National Velvet (1935) and the play The Chalk Garden (1955). Miss Bagnold was married to Sir Roderick Jones, chairman of Reuters news service, from 1920 until his death in 1962.

Movies
After a one-day postponement because of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the Academy Awards for 1980 were presented, with Ordinary People named Best Picture. Other Oscars included: Director--Robert Redford (Ordinary People); Actor--Robert De Niro (Raging Bull); Actress--Sissy Spacek (Coal Miner's Daughter); Supporting Actor--Timothy Hutton (Ordinary People); Supporting Actress--Mary Steenburgen (Melvin and Howard); Foreign Language Film--Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears.





Crime
The doctors treating U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who had been shot in Washington by John Hinckley the previous day, admitted that Mr. Reagan, who was making tremendous progress, had been in danger of losing his life immediately after the shooting. He had been having breathing problems, was having chest pains, was spitting up blood, and his blood pressure was low and falling. Mr. Reagan’s press secretary, James Brady, who had been shot in the head, was showing miraculous improvement; he was conscious and could move his right arm and leg, despite extensive damage to his brain tissue.

Terrorism
An Indonesian jet with 55 passengers and crew members aboard that had been held hostage at Bangkok for two days was rushed by Indonesian commandos, who killed four of the five hijackers and freed the hostages. The gun battle lasted three minutes.

30 years ago
1991

Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): Unchained Melody--The Righteous Brothers (6th week at #1)

#1 single in Switzerland: Crazy--Seal (4th week at #1)

Austria's Top 10 (Ö3)
1 Joyride--Roxette
2 Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)--C & C Music Factory featuring Freedom Williams
3 Kränk di net--Jazz Gitti & her Disco Killers
4 Secret Love--Bee Gees
5 Crazy--Seal
6 No Coke--Dr. Alban
7 Unchained Melody--The Righteous Brothers
8 Hello Afrika--Dr. Alban featuring Leila K.
9 Sister Soul & Mr. Beat--Beat 4 Feet featuring Kim Cooper
10 3 A.M. Eternal (Live at the S.S.L.)--The KLF

Singles entering the chart were Do the Bartman by the Simpsons (#17); Mea Culpa Part II by Enigma (#21); Easier to Walk Away by Elton John (#28); and Auberge by Chris Rea (#30).

World events
Nearly 99% of voters in a referendum in the Soviet republic of Georgia supported the country's independence from the Soviet Union.

Politics and government
In the first multiparty national election since World War II, Albanian voters chose to stick with the ruling Workers’ (Communist) Party. The Workers’ Party won about two-thirds of the popular vote and a large majority in parliament. The opposition Democratic Party did well in urban areas, but rural voters backed the Communists.

Curling
Men's world championship @ Winnipeg Arena, Winnipeg
Final
Scotland 7 Canada 2

The David Smith rink, representing Scotland, stole a point in the 7th end and scored 3 points in the 8th to break the game open and defeat the Kevin Martin rink of Avonair Curling Club in Edmonton, representing Canada. Mr. Martin's rink had posted a 9-0 record in round robin play and had defeated Eigel Ramsfjell's Norweginan rink 5-3 in the semi-finals. Mr. Smith's rink had gone 7-2 in the round robin before defeating Steve Brown's American rink 4-2 in the semi-finals.



Hockey
NHL
Montreal 1 @ Quebec 4

25 years ago
1996

Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): Ridin' Low--L.A.D.

#1 single in Austria (Ö3): Lemon Tree--Fool's Garden (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in Switzerland: Children--Robert Miles (7th week at #1)

#1 single in Scotland (OCC): The X-Files--Mark Snow

20 years ago
2001

Died on this date
Clifford Shull, 85. U.S. physicist. Dr. Shull was awarded a share of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter."

Brian Cole, 22. U.S. baseball player. Mr. Cole was an outfielder in the New York Mets organization (1998-2000) and was regarded as the organization's most exciting prospect, batting .306 with 42 home runs and 193 runs batted in in 320 games. Mr. Cole was driving home from spring training when his sport utility vehicle flipped over on the Florida interstate highway, killing him.

World events
Before dawn, Serbian police and security forces attempted to arrest former President Slobodan Milosevic at his home in Belgrade. The arrest, for allegations of corruption while in office, was unrelated to his indictment by an international tribunal for war crimes. His supporters, fearing an attempt to arrest him, had massed at his compound. At 2 A.M., 100 or more police officers appeared at the compound, joined at 2:30 A.M. by special forces units. A Yugoslav army unit also barred access to the compound for a while. Shots were exchanged by the authorities and by bodyguards and armed supporters of Mr. Milosevic in the compound, with two police officers wounded. The standoff continued throughout the day.

Economics and finance
Canada’s softwood lumber deal with the United States expired. U.S. companies immediately began asking Washington to establish anti-dumping and countervailing duties against Canadian products.

Basketball
NCAA
Men's Championship @ Minneapolis
Semi-finals
Duke 95 Maryland 84
Arizona 80 Michigan State 61

Duke overcame a 22-point deficit to advance to the final. Michigan State was the defending national champion.







10 years ago
2011

Died on this date
Mary Greyeyes, 90. Canadian soldier. Private Greyeyes, a native of Muskeg Lake Cree Nation, Saskatchewan, sreved with the Canadian Women's Army Corps from 1942-1946, becoming the first Canadian Indian woman to join the Canadian Armed Forces. She died in Vancouver.

Gil Clancy, 88. U.S. boxing trainer and broadcaster. Mr. Clancy worked with boxers such as Emile Griffith, Muhammad Ali, George Foreman, Joe Frazier, and Oscar De La Hoya. He was a colour commentator on boxing telecasts in the 1980s and '90s, and won the Sam Taub Award in 1983 for excellence in boxing broadcasting journalism. Mr. Clancy was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1993.

March 13, 2021

430 years ago
1591

War
Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty led by Judar Pasha defeated those of the Songhai Empire in the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.

280 years ago
1741

Born on this date
Joseph II. Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-1790. Joseph II was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, and the brother of Marie Antoinette. A Roman Catholic, he was known for granting religious tolerance to Protestants and Jews. Joseph II died after a lengthy illness on February 20, 1790, 22 days before his 49th birthday; he left no sons and was succeeded as Emperor by his brother Leopold II.

War
The Battle of Cartagena de Indias, a two-month naval battle that was part of the War of Jenkins' Ear between Great Britain and Spain, began in New Granada (present-day Colombia).

240 years ago
1781

Space
German-born English astronomer Sir William Herschel discovered the planet Georgium Sidus, later known as Uranus.

140 years ago
1881

Died on this date
Aleksandr II, 62. Czar of Russia, 1855-1881; King of Poland, 1855-1864. Aleksandr II succeeded his father Nicholas I on the thrones of Russia and Poland, the latter of which became obsolete when Poland was annexed by Russia in 1864. Czar Aleksandr was known as "Aleksandr the Liberator" for emancipating Russia's serfs in 1861, and was proposing other reforms to counter revolutionary movements when he was assassinated by a bomb. He was succeeded on the Russian throne by his son Aleksandr III.

120 years ago
1901

Died on this date
Benjamin Harrison, 67. 23rd President of the United States of America, 1889-1893. Mr. Harrison, a Republican and a grandson of President William Henry Harrison, represented Indiana in the U.S. Senate (1881-1887), and received his party's nomination for President in 1888, defeating incumbent Grover Cleveland in the electoral vote despite losing the popular vote. He attributed his victory to Providence, while prominent campaign leaders credited more shady methods, although Mr. Harrison was never accused of impropriety. President Harrison supported a high tariff, commercial reciprocity with other countries, and voting rights for Negroes, and facilitated the creation of national forest reserves. His views on tariffs contributed to his defeat in his bid for re-election against Mr. Cleveland in 1892. Mr. Harrison returned to his law practice in Indianapolis; he represented Venezuela in its dispute with the United Kingdom over the border between British Guiana and Dutch Guiana. Mr. Harrison died of pneumonia.

110 years ago
1911

Born on this date
José Ardévol. Spanish-born Cuban composer and conductor. Mr. Ardévol's father Fernando was a musician and conductor. José Ardévol emigrated to Cuba in 1930, directed the Orquestra de cámara de la Habana (1934-1952), and taught at universities in Havana and Oriente (1936-1951). He was a neoclassicist compose whose works included three symphonies, three piano sonatas, as well as vocal and chamber works. Mr. Ardévol died in Havana on January 9, 1981 at the age of 69.

L. Ron Hubbard. U.S. author and cult religious leader. Mr. Hubbard was a writer of science fiction whose book Dianetics (1950) served as the foundational text of a new religious movement, which evolved into a criminal organization. He reportedly died at his ranch in California on January 24, 1986 at the age of 74, although a number of books under his name were published after his death.

Hockey
Stanley Cup challenge
Galt 4 @ Ottawa 7

Marty Walsh scored 3 goals for the Senators, who had taken the Stanley Cup from the Montreal Wanderers by winning the regular season championship of the National Hockey Association. Bruce Ridpath scored 2 goals for Ottawa, and Fred Lake and Dubbie Kerr scored 1 each. Louis Berlinguette scored 2 goals for Galt, and Tommy Smith and Fred Doherty 1 each. Only 2,500 were in attendance at The Arena to see the one-game challenge, which was described as a "poor exhibition," with water covering the ice in several places.

100 years ago
1921

Born on this date
Happy Birthday, Al Jaffee! The U.S. cartoonist was born in Savannah, Georgia. He began his career in 1942 as a comic book artist, and made his first contribution to Mad magazine in 1955. Mr. Jaffee was best known for the Mad Fold-In, which appeared in every issue except one from 1964-2019. He won the Reuben Award in 2008 as Cartoonist of the Year, and announced his retirement in June 2020 at the age of 99, earning recognition from the Guinness Book of World Records for the longest career as a comic artist.

Hockey
NHL
O'Brien Cup
Ottawa 2 @ Toronto 0 (Ottawa won 2-game total goals series 7-0)

Eddie Gerard scored 11 minutes into the 3rd period and Frank Nighbor scored 3 minutes later, and Clint Benedict posted his second straight shutout in goal as the Senators clinched the National Hockey League championship at the Arena Gardens.

80 years ago
1941

War
The Royal Air Force carried out the heaviest British raids of the European war on Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen. Germany executed 15 Dutchmen convicted of espionage and sabotage.

Defense
The U.S. House of Representatives Deficiency Appropriations subcommittee began hearings on the $7-billion Lend-Lease bill.

Diplomacy
Brazilian President Getulio Vargas ratified the Act of Havana that had been approved at the Pan-American Conference of Foreign Ministers in Havana in July 1940.

Politics and government
German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler issued a secret directive giving the SS administrative control over all territory captured by the Wehrmacht in the planned attack on Russia.

Acting Argentine President Dr. Ramon Castillo appointed Dr. Enrique Ruiz as Foreign Minister and Dr. Carlos Alberto Acevedo as Finance Minister.

Economics and finance
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt digned an order freezing Hungarian assets in the United States.

Labour
U.S. President Roosevelt recieved a plan from Labor Secretary Frances Perkins and William Knudsen and Sidney Hillman of the Office of Production Management, calling for an 11-member board to mediate strikes in defense industries.

Soft coal operators in the United States rejected the Congress of Industrial Organizations United Mine Workers demand for a $1-per-day wage increase.

U.S. Federal Judge F. Ryan Duffy imposed fines totalling $32,250 in the antitrust suit against the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP).

Hockey
NHL
Boston 8 @ New York Americans 3
Chicago 2 @ Detroit 3

The Bruins defeated the Americans at Madison Square Garden in New York to clinch first place for the third straight season.

75 years ago
1946

Literature
Editor Bennett Cerf agreed to include 12 poems by Ezra Pound in the new edition of An Anthology of Famous English and American Poetry, after omitting them from the first edition as the work of a presumed fascist.

War
Testifying at his war crimes trial in Nuremberg, former Nazi Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering defended Nazism, Fuehrer Adolf Hitler, concentration camps, the Gestapo, the 1933 Nazi seizure of power, and the suppression of opposition political parties in Germany. Yugoslavian government forces captured royalist Chetnik leader Draja Mikhailovich in a mountain cave; he was wanted by the authorities for wartime collaboration with the Germans.

Soviet forces in Iran entered Karaj, 20 miles from Tehran.

Nationalist Chinese commander General Chao Kung-wu entered Mukden as Soviet troops left.

Dutch and Indonesian leaders began formal negotiations for a peace settlement in Batavia.

Diplomacy
In an interview published in the Soviet newspaper Pravda, U.S.S.R. dictator Josef Stalin called former U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill a "firebrand of war," and compared him with former German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler, further denying that eastern Europe was under Soviet control.

Defense
Speaking at a secret session of the U.S. House of Representatives Military Affairs Committee, Secretary of State James Byrnes outlined a "pessimistic" picture of world conditions, while Secretary of War Patterson and Army Generals Dwight Eisenhower and Carl Spaatz urged extension of the draft to ensure an Army of over one million men.

Politics and government
U.S. President Harry Truman "reluctantly" withdrew his nomination of Edwin Pauley for Undersecretary of the Navy, defending his integrity in spite of "misrepresentations" and "vicious attacks."

Former U.S. Senator Gerald Nye (Republican) failed to gain his party's nomination for a comeback attempt in North Dakota.

Economics and finance
The site committee of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank chose Washington, D.C. for the permanent headquarters.

Labour
General Motors and the Congress of Industrial Organizations United Auto Workers ended a 113-day strike of 175,000 workers with an agreement providing for an 18½c hourly wage increase.

New York dress industry mediator Harry Uviller granted an 8% pay increase to 75,000 American Federation of Labor International Ladies' Garment Workers Union workers.

70 years ago
1951

On television tonight
Suspense, on CBS
Tonight’s episode: On a Country Road, starring Parker Fennelly, John Forsythe, and Mildred Natwick



Diplomacy
The Arab League Political Committee in Cairo decided that each member country would ask France through regular diplomatic channels to end its Moroccan protectorate.

Defense
The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committees approved plans to sned four additional U.S. divisions to Western Europe this year.

Politics and government
The U.S. House of Representatives rejected President Harry Truman's request for emergency powers to reorganize executive agencies.

Communications
Western Union demonstrated the High-Speed Fax, a device for transmitting printed matter over microwave radio beams at a rate of 3,000 words per minute.

60 years ago
1961

Hit parade
#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): Quince Años Tiene Mi Amor--Dúo Dinámico

#1 single in France (IFOP): Non, je ne regrette rien--Édith Piaf (9th week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Billboard)
1 Pony Time--Chubby Checker (3rd week at #1)
2 Surrender--Elvis Presley
3 Wheels--The String-A-Longs
4 Don't Worry--Marty Robbins
5 Where the Boys Are--Connie Francis
6 Baby Sittin' Boogie--Buzz Clifford
7 Dedicated to the One I Love--The Shirelles
8 Calcutta--Lawrence Welk and his Orchestra
9 Ebony Eyes--The Everly Brothers
10 Spanish Harlem--Ben E. King

Singles entering the chart were Tonight My Love, Tonight by Paul Anka (#56); Take Good Care of Her by Adam Wade (#63); Please Tell Me Why (#77)/Your One and Only Love (#100) by Jackie Wilson; Trust in Me by Etta James (#78); Lonely Blue Nights by Rosie (#84); I've Told Every Little Star by Linda Scott (#86); Just for Old Time's Sake by the McGuire Sisters (#89); Merry-Go-Round by Marv Johnson (#90); Canadian Sunset by Etta Jones (#91); Memphis by Donnie Brooks (#92); The Very Thought of You by Little Willie John (#93); Oh Mein Papa by Dick Lee (#94); Early Every Morning (Early Every Evening Too) by Dinah Washington (#95); Kokomo by the Flamingos (#98); and Little Turtle Dove by Otis Williams and his Charms (#99).

U.S.A. Top 10 (Music Vendor)
1 Surrender--Elvis Presley
2 Pony Time--Chubby Checker
3 Don't Worry--Marty Robbins
4 Where the Boys Are--Connie Francis
5 Dedicated to the One I Love--The Shirelles
6 Wheels--The String-A-Longs
--Billy Vaughn and his Orchestra
7 Ebony Eyes--The Everly Brothers
8 Calcutta--Lawrence Welk and his Orchestra
9 Baby Sittin' Boogie--Buzz Clifford
10 Good Time Baby--Bobby Rydell

Singles entering the chart included Your One and Only Love by Jackie Wilson (#68); Merry-Go-Round by Marv Johnson (#69); Trust in Me by Etta James (#76); Take Good Care of Her by Adam Wade (#81); Blue Moon by the Classics (#88); Just for Old Time's Sake by the McGuire Sisters (#90); Hide Away by Freddy King (#91); To Be Loved (Forever) by the Pentagons (#93); A Hundred Pounds of Clay by Gene McDaniels (#94); The Blizzard by Jim Reeves (#97); Mother-in-Law by Ernie K-Doe (#98); Bumble Boogie by B. Bumble and the Stingers (#99); and Funny by Maxine Brown (#100).

Scandal
Three women and two women who comprised the "Portland Spy Ring" went on trial at the Old Bailey in London, accused of passing official secrets to the Soviet Union.

Diplomacy
U.S. President John F. Kennedy, addressing a White House reception for Latin American diplomats and U.S. Congressional leaders, called on the Latin American republics to join the United States in a 10-year program "to build a hemisphere where all men can hope for the same high standard of living--and all can live out their lives in dignity and in freedom." Mr. Kennedy’s proposals included economic integration; cultural and educational exchanges; and expansion of scientific and technical training programs.

Defense
Major-General Jean Victor Allard became the first Canadian to command a British army division: the British 4th Division as part of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR).

Disasters
A mudslide at a reclamation project in Kiev, Ukraine killed 145, injured 43, and destroyed scores of buildings.

Boxing
Floyd Patterson (37-2) retained his world heavyweight title with a knockout of former champion Ingemar Johansson (22-2) at 2:45 of the 6th round at Miami Beach Convention Hall in Miami Beach, Florida. Mr. Johansson had won the title from Mr. Patterson with a 3-round knockout in June 1959, and Mr. Patterson had regained the championship with a 5-round knockout a year later.



50 years ago
1971

Hit parade
#1 single in Rhodesia (Lyons Maid): Look Out Here Comes Tomorrow--The Dealians

#1 single in Italy (FIMI): Il cuore e' uno zingaro--Nicola Di Bari

#1 single in Ireland (IRMA): My Sweet Lord--George Harrison (7th week at #1)

#1 single in the U.K. (BMRB): Baby Jump--Mungo Jerry (2nd week at #1)

Australia's Top 10 (Go-Set)
1 My Sweet Lord--George Harrison (5th week at #1)
2 The Pushbike Song--The Mixtures
3 Knock Three Times--Dawn
4 Eleanor Rigby--Zoot
5 I Hear You Knocking--Dave Edmunds
6 Band of Gold--Freda Payne
7 Apeman--The Kinks
8 Have You Ever Seen the Rain/Hey Tonight--Creedence Clearwater Revival
9 I Think I Love You--The Partridge Family
10 Lonely Days--Bee Gees

The only single entering the chart was For the Good Times by Ray Price (#56).

Netherlands Top 10 (De Nederlandse Top 40)
1 Du--Peter Maffray (2nd week at #1)
2 Butterfly--Danyel Gerard
3 Nothing Rhymed--Gilbert O'Sullivan
4 Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep--Middle of the Road
5 Hup Daar is Willem!--Ed en Willem Bever
6 There's No More Corn on the Brasos--The Walkers
7 Rose Garden--Lynn Anderson
8 Silver Moon--Michael Nesmith & the First National Band
9 Have You Ever Seen the Rain/Hey Tonight--Creedence Clearwater Revival
10 Invitation--Earth and Fire

Singles entering the chart were Sultana by Titanic (#21); Me and Bobby McGee by Janis Joplin (#23); True Love That's a Wonder by Sandy Coast (#26); The Girl I Need by Ferrari (#28); Mozart - First Movement Symphony No. 40 by Waldo De Los Rios (#31); Right Wheel, Left Hammer, Sham by the Tremeloes (#37); and Bram in de Rai by Paul Van Vliet (#38).

U.S.A. Top 10 (Billboard)
1 One Bad Apple--The Osmonds (5th week at #1)
2 Me and Bobby McGee--Janis Joplin
3 For All We Know--Carpenters
4 Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)--The Temptations
5 She's a Lady--Tom Jones
6 Mama's Pearl--The Jackson 5
7 Proud Mary--Ike & Tina Turner
8 Have You Ever Seen the Rain--Creedence Clearwater Revival
9 Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted--The Partridge Family
10 If You Could Read My Mind--Gordon Lightfoot

Singles entering the chart were Dream Baby (How Long Must I Dream) by Glen Campbell (#53); Sit Yourself Down by Stephen Stills (#55); Joy to the World by Three Dog Night (#58); Where Did They Go, Lord/Rags to Riches by Elvis Presley (#60); We Can Work it Out by Stevie Wonder (#67); Don't Change on Me by Ray Charles (#75); Give it to Me by the Mob (#83); I'd Rather Love You by Charley Pride (#86); Put Your Hand in the Hand by Ocean (#87); Baby Let Me Kiss You by King Floyd (#88); Hot Pants by Salvage (#89); Lucky Man by Emerson, Lake & Palmer (#92); L.A. Goodbye by The Ides of March (#93); Bad Water by the Raeletts (#94); Love Makes the World Go Round by Odds & Ends (#95); I Can't Stop by the Osmond Brothers (#96); Cool Aid by Paul Humphrey & his Cool Aid Chemists (#97); My Heart is Yours by Wilbert Harrison (#98); and 1927 Kansas City by Mike Reilly (#99).

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 One Bad Apple--The Osmonds (4th week at #1)
2 Mama's Pearl--The Jackson 5
3 Have You Ever Seen the Rain--Creedence Clearwater Revival
4 Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted--The Partridge Family
5 She's a Lady--Tom Jones
6 Me and Bobby McGee--Janis Joplin
7 Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)--The Temptations
8 Amos Moses--Jerry Reed
9 If You Could Read My Mind--Gordon Lightfoot
10 Don't Let the Green Grass Fool You--Wilson Pickett

Singles entering the chart were We Can Work it Out by Stevie Wonder (#64); I Don't Blame You at All by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles (#73); Rags to Riches by Elvis Presley (#74); I Won't Mention it Again by Ray Price (#76); I Think of You by Perry Como (#77); Put Your Hand in the Hand by Ocean (#84); Melting Pot by Booker T. & the M.G.'s (#86); Timothy by the Buoys (#87); Man in Black by Johnny Cash (#88); Treat Her Like a Lady by Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose (#92); The Electronic Magnetism (That’s Heavy, Baby) by Solomon Burke (#95); and I Pity the Fool by Ann Peebles (#98).

U.S.A. Top 10 (Record World)
1 One Bad Apple--The Osmonds (4th week at #1)
2 Mama's Pearl--The Jackson 5
3 Have You Ever Seen the Rain/Hey Tonight--Creedence Clearwater Revival
4 She's a Lady--Tom Jones
5 Me and Bobby McGee--Janis Joplin
6 Amos Moses--Jerry Reed
7 Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted--The Partridge Family
8 For All We Know--Carpenters
9 Theme from Love Story--Henry Mancini, his Orchestra and Chorus
10 Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)--The Temptations

Singles entering the chart were Where Did They Go, Lord/Rags to Riches by Elvis Presley (#70); If it's Real What I Feel by Jerry Butler (#73); Stay Awhile by the Bells (#76); Joy to the World by Three Dog Night (#77); Baby Let Me Kiss You by King Floyd (#86); Man in Black by Johnny Cash (#87); Woodstock by Matthews' Southern Comfort (#88); Spinning Wheel by James Brown (#91); When You Dance I Can Really Love by Neil Young (#92); Time and Love by Barbra Streisand (#93); Chick-A-Boom (Don't Ya Jes' Love It) by Daddy Dewdrop (#95); Treat Her Like a Lady by Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose (#96); Too Many Lovers by Shack (#97); Don't Change on Me by Ray Charles (#98); and Get Your Lie Straight by Bill Coday (#99).

Canada's Top 10 (RPM)
1 Have You Ever Seen the Rain/Hey Tonight--Creedence Clearwater Revival
2 Amos Moses--Jerry Reed
3 Mama's Pearl--The Jackson 5
4 One Bad Apple--The Osmonds
5 Hang on to Your Life--The Guess Who
6 She's a Lady--Tom Jones
7 Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted--The Partridge Family
8 Mr. Bojangles--Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
9 Theme from Love Story--Henry Mancini, his Orchestra and Chorus
10 What is Life--George Harrison

Singles entering the chart were Joy to the World by Three Dog Night (#68); Oh What a Feeling by Crowbar (#71); Gotta See Jane by R. Dean Taylor (#72); (Where Do I Begin) Love Story by Andy Williams (#73); Dream Baby (How Long Must I Dream) by Glen Campbell (#79); Sit Yourself Down by Stephen Stills (#81); Nickel Song by the New Seekers (#90); Cherish What is Dear to You (While it's Near to You) by Freda Payne (#91); Do the Push and Pull by Rufus Thomas (#92); When You Dance I Can Really Love by Neil Young (#94); Man in Black by Johnny Cash (#95); Hot Pants by Salvage (#96); Where Did They Go, Lord by Elvis Presley (#97); Why? by Roger Whittaker (#98); and Woodstock by Matthews' Southern Comfort (#99).

Calgary's Top 10 (Glenn's Music)
1 Woodstock--Matthews' Southern Comfort
2 One Bad Apple--The Osmonds
3 Carry Me--Stampeders
4 Stay Awhile--The Bells
5 Theme from Love Story--Henry Mancini, his Orchestra and Chorus
6 She's a Lady--Tom Jones
7 Rose Garden--Lynn Anderson
8 Have You Ever Seen the Rain--Creedence Clearwater Revival
9 I was Wondering--The Poppy Family
10 What is Life--George Harrison
Pick hit of the week: Blue Money--Van Morrison

Died on this date
Rockwell Kent, 88. U.S. artist. Mr. Kent was a painter, printmaker, and illustrator who was known for illustrating books and painting murals. He took "progressive" political views and was awarded the International Lenin Peace Prize in 1967, but was successful in denying accusations that he was a Communist. Mr. Kent died of a heart attack.

Space
The United States launched Explorer 43 from Cape Kennedy, Florida. The satellite carried 12 instruments to study sun-earth-moon relationships by conducting a continuing study of the radiation environment of the interplanetary magnetic field.

Terrorism
Paul Rose, 27, a member of the terrorist group Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ), was sentenced to life in prison for the October 1970 kidnapping and murder of Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte. He was paroled in 1982 after it was determined that he had not been present at Mr. Laporte’s murder.

40 years ago
1981

Hit parade #1 single in Sweden (Topplistan): När vi två blir en--Gyllene Tider (14th week at #1)

#1 single in France (IFOP): Reality--Richard Sanderson (7th week at #1)

South Africa's Top 10 (Springbok Radio)
1 Shaddap You Face--Joe Dolce Music Theatre (2nd week at #1)
2 Celebration--Kool & The Gang
3 Lady--Kenny Rogers
4 Stop the Cavalry--Jona Lewie
5 Can You Feel It--The Jacksons
6 Passion--Rod Stewart
7 A Lot of Things--Peach
8 Never Knew Love Like This Before--Stephanie Mills
9 Give Me Back My Love--Maywood
10 De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da--The Police

Singles entering the chart were Fashion by David Bowie (#13); and Gee Haar 'n Roos by Cora Marie (#20).

Terrorism
Libya agreed to take in 55 political prisoners freed by Pakistan the day before as part of negotiations with three Pakistani political dissidents who had hijacked a Pakistani jetliner to Kabul, Afghanistan on March 2. The hijackers agreed to free their hostages when the prisoners were safe.

30 years ago
1991

Hit parade
#1 single in Sweden (Topplistan): Joyride--Roxette

World events
In the U.S.S.R.’s first national referendum, nine of the Soviet Union’s 15 republics asked citizens to vote yes or no on the question: "Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, in which the rights and freedoms of people of all nationalities will be fully guaranteed?" Only four republics offered the question alone and unaltered, while five altered it or offered more than one ballot question. The result that emerged was less than Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev was hoping for. It was reported by the Kremlin that 77% of 136 million voters supported preservation of the Soviet Union.

Politics and government
Serbian Interior Minister Radmilo Bogdanovic, who controlled the riot police, resigned, several days after riot police had moved against 30,000 protesters, mostly students, in Belgrade.

Environment
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and U.S. President George Bush signed an agreement which they said would end acid rain within 10 years. The air quality agreement committed the countries to curb emissions causing acid rain and to reduce air pollutants.

Exxon Corporation signed a plea bargain with the U.S. government and the state of Alaska relating to charges resulting from the 1989 oil spill from the tanker Exxon Valdez. Exxon agreed to pay a criminal fine of $100 million and to pay $900 million in civil damage to repair damage to the Alaska coast. Exxon also agreed to plead guilty to one count of killing migratory birds, and its subsidiary Exxon Shipping Company accepted a charge of negligent discharge of pollutants and the killing of wildlife.

Figure skating
Lloyd Eisler and Isabelle Brasseur of Canada again won a silver medal for pairs at the world championships at Olympiahalle in Munich.

25 years ago
1996

Died on this date
Krzysztof Kieślowski, 54. Polish movie director and screenwriter. Mr. Kieślowski was known for The Double Life of Véronique (1991)--the most boring movie this blogger has ever seen--and the Three Colors Trilogy (1993-1994). He died during open-heart surgery after a heart attack.

Crime
16 primary school children and one teacher in Dunblane, Scotland were shot dead by Thomas Hamilton, 43, who then committed suicide. See also here.

20 years ago
2001

Died on this date
John A. Alonzo, 66. U.S. cinematographer. Mr. Alonzo was a pioneer in handheld camerawork and high-definition video photography. He worked on numerous television documentaries in the 1960s and '70s before branching out into dramatic television and feature films. Mr. Alonzo was nominated for an Academy Award for Chinatown (1974), and won a Primetime Emmy Award for Fail Safe (2000). He died after a long illness.

Health
The United States and Canada both banned imports of animals and animal products from all 15 European Union countries, and Canada added Argentina to the list. The bans were the result of reports of foot-and-mouth disease.

Environment
U.S. President George W. Bush reversed one of his campaign pledges and, in a letter to four Republican U.S. senators, said he would not act to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from power plants, since it might harm consumers with an energy crisis looming. Industry hailed the decision, which appeared to undercut the new chief of the Environmental Protection Agency, former New Jersey Governor Christie Todd Whitman.

10 years ago
2011

Died on this date
Rick Martin, 59. Canadian-born hockey player. Mr. Martin, a native of Verdun, Quebec, played left wing with the Thetford Mines Canadiens (1967-68) and Montreal Junior Canadiens (1968-71), scoring 71 goals and 50 assists in 60 regular season games and 17 goals and 7 assists in 11 playoff games in his final season. He played in the National Hockey League with the Buffalo Sabres (1971-81) and Los Angeles Kings (1981-82), scoring 701 points on 384 goals and 317 assists in 685 regular season games and 53 points on 24 goals and 29 assists in 53 playoff games. Mr. Martin, with centre Gilbert Perreault and right wing Rene Robert, comprised "The French Connection," probably the NHL's most exciting line in the 1970s. Mr. Martin had five seasons of 44 or more goals, scoring 52 goals in both 1974-75 and 1975-76. He suffered a serious concussion in 1977 when his head hit the ice on a dirty play by Dave Farrish of the New York Rangers, and suffered a serious knee injury in November 1980 on a dirty play by Washington Capitals' goaltender Mike Palmateer. Mr. Martin was traded to the Kings on March 10, 1981, but played only 4 regular season games and 1 playoff game after the trade because of the knee injury. He died of a heart attack while driving, and his car subsequently crashed. A post-mortem examination revealed that Mr. Martin had stage 2 chronic traumatic encephalopathy, usually associated with hocky "enforcers," and likely resulting from the 1977 concussion. Mr. Martin deserves to be in the Hockey Hall of Fame, but has so far been overlooked.

Curling
Jeff Stoughton's rink, representing Manitoba, defeated Glenn Howard's Ontario rink 8-6 in the final of the Brier at John Labatt Centre in London, Ontario; it was Mr. Stoughton's third Canadian championship, and first in 12 years. Earlier in the day, Brad Gushue of Newfoundland and Labrador defeated Kevin Martin of Alberta 10-5 in the first bronze medal game in Brier history.

March 11, 2021

Born on this date
Happy Birthday, Tim Sproule and Aurora B.G.!

380 years ago
1641

War
Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeated bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina.

170 years ago
1851

Died on this date
Marie-Louise Coidavid, 72. Queen consort of Haiti, 1811-1820. Marie-Louise married the future King Henri in 1793, and became queen consort when he created the Kingdom of Haiti on March 26, 1811, serving until his death. She left Haiti in 1821, and lived with her daughers in Pisa, Italy until her death.

George McDuffie, 60. U.S. politician. Mr. McDuffie, a Democrat, represented Edgefield District in the South Carolina House of Representatives (1818-1820), South Carolina's 6th District (1821-1823) and 5th District (1823-1834) in the U.S. House of Representatives; served as Governor of South Carolina (1834-1836); and represented South Carolina in the U.S. Senate (1842-1846). He was an opponent of states' rights in the early 1820s, but by the early 1830s had become an advocate of the right of states to nullify federal laws within their borders. Mr. McDuffie fought a series of duels with Colonel William Cumming, suffering serious wounds that ultimately led to his death.

Opera
Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi, with libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, received its premiere performance at La Fenice in Venice.

160 years ago
1861

Politics and government
The Confederate States of America adopted its constitution.

110 years ago
1911

Born on this date
Fitzroy Maclean. Egyptian-born U.K. politician and diplomat. Major-General Sir Fitzroy, the son of Major Charles Wilberforce Maclean, was born in Cairo and raised in Italy before completing his education in Britain. He joined the Diplomatic Service in 1933, serving in France (1934-1937) and the U.S.S.R. (1937-1939) before resigning to join the British Army at the outbreak of World War II. Major-General Sir Fitzroy and Enoch Powell were the only men in World War II to enter the British Army as privates and rise to the rank of brigadier. Major-General Sir Fitzroy served in North Africa and the Middle East during the war, but was best known for leading a liaison mission to Yugoslavia (1943-1944). He was a Conservative/Unionist and represented Lancaster (1941-1959) and Bute and Northern Ayrshire (1959-1974) in the House of Commons. Major-General Sir Fitzroy was created 1st Baronet Maclean in 1957 and was knighted in 1994. He died on June 15, 1996 at the age of 85.

100 years ago
1921

Born on this date
Astor Piazzolla. Argentinian composer. Mr. Piazzolla played the bandoneon and was the world's foremost composer of tango music; he died on July 4, 1992 at the age of 71, almost two years after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage, which had left him in a coma.

Radio
Listeners gathered in the Provincial Technical School at the Rena MacLean Memorial Hospital on the Fanningbank estate in Prince Edward Island to hear a broadcast from Union College in Schenectady, New York, marking the first reception of a long-range radio signal in P.E.I.

90 years ago
1931

Died on this date
F. W. Murnau, 42. German film director. Mr. Murnau was one of the major directors of the silent era, and was known for such German films as Nosferatu (1922); Der letzte Mann (The Last Laugh) (1924); and Faust (1926). He moved to Hollywood and directed such movies as Sunrise (1927) and 4 Devils (1928). Mr. Murnau died the day after being seriously injured in a car accident, and a week before the premiere of his last movie, Tabu.

Politics and government
The government of Québec extended civil rights to women, but still withheld the right to vote.

80 years ago
1941

War
France yielded 25,000 square miles of Indochina to Thailand under the Japanese-mediated peace, ending the border dispute.

Defense
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease Bill at 3:50 P.M. Eastern Time, less than two hours after the House of Representatives had accepted the Senate-amended measure by a vote of 317-71. Mr. Roosevelt revealed that he would ask Congress for $7 billion for Lend-Lease. About 15 U.S. Senator who were opposed to Lend-Lease gathered in the office of Sen. Hiram Johnson (Republican--California) to discuss a nationwide antiwar speaking campaign.

U.S.S.R. Premier Vyacheslav Molotov was reported by Turkish sources to have promised that the Soviet Union would not attack Turkey should the Turks enter the European war.

Terrorism
Bombs planted in the luggage of U.K. Minister to Bulgaria George Rendel exploded in the lobby of his hotel in Istanbul, killing six people.

Politics and government
In a by-election for the U.S. House of Representatives seat in the New York's 17th Congressional District that had been vacated by the death of Kenneth F. Simpson (Republican), Republican candidate and New York City Councilman Joseph Clark Baldwin was elected, defeating Democratic candidate Dean Alfange 23,252 votes to 16,690.

Environment
Consolidated Mining and Smelting, based in Trail, British Columbia, paid a further compensation to Washington farmers for polluting the air, in addition to the fine levied by the International Joint Commission in 1932.

Economics and finance
U.S. Senator Joseph O'Mahoney (Democrat--Wyoming) urged Congress to call a national conference to draft a "national economic constitution" to "abolish the economic uncertainties" threatening the American political system.

Labour
The Congress of Industrial Organizations United Mine Workers of America demanded a $1 per day wage increase to $7 per day for 450,000 soft coal miners when the present contract expired on April 1, 1941.

Producers of Broadway plays in New York sought a temporary injunction against the Dramatists Guild, charging that the "entire legitimate theatrical industry" was under its domination.

75 years ago
1946

Hit parade
U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief--Betty Hutton
--Les Brown and his Orchestra
2 Let it Snow! Let it Snow! Let it Snow!--Vaughn Monroe and his Orchestra with Vaughn Monroe and the Norton Sisters
--Woody Herman and his Orchestra
3 Symphony--Freddy Martin and his Orchestra with Clyde Rogers
--Bing Crosby
--Jo Stafford
--Benny Goodman and his Orchestra
4 Personality--Johnny Mercer
5 Oh! What it Seemed to Be--Frankie Carle and his Orchestra
--Frank Sinatra
--Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest
--Charlie Spivak and his Orchestra
6 You Won't Be Satisfied (Until You Break My Heart)--Les Brown and his Orchestra
--Perry Como
7 I'm Always Chasing Rainbows--Perry Como
--Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest
8 I Can't Begin to Tell You--Bing Crosby with Carmen Cavallaro
--Harry James and his Orchestra
--Andy Russell
9 Shoo Fly Pie (And Apple Pan Dowdy)--Stan Kenton and his Orchestra
--Dinah Shore
10 Dig You Later (A Hubba-Hubba-Hubba)--Perry Como and the Satisfyers

Singles entering the chart were the version of Oh! What it Seemed to Be by Charlie Spivak and his Orchestra; I Didn't Mean a Word I Said by Harry James and his Orchestra (#17); Let's Have Fun Tonight by Erskine Hawkins and his Orchestra (#18); If I Had a Wishing Ring, with versions by Andy Russell; and Tommy Dorsey and his Orchestra (#21); Take Care (When You Say “Te Quiero”) by Tommy Tucker Time (#30); and Seems Like Old Times, with versions by Vaughn Monroe and his Orchestra; and Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians (#34).

On the radio
The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce, on MBS
Tonight's episode: The Living Doll

War
Rudolf Höss, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, was captured by British troops.

Diplomacy
The Soviet newspaper Pravda denounced former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's March 6 proposal for an Anglo-American alliance as an attempt to dominate the world and "liquidate" the United Nations.

The United States rejected the French proposal to join in bringing the Spanish situation before the United Nations.

Shortly before leaving China for consultations in the United States, U.S. Army General George Marshall persuaded Chinese Nationalists and Communists to extend the authority of the Peking truce board to parts of Manchuria not held by the U.S.S.R.

Defense
Jewish Agency of Palestine Chairman David Ben-Gurion told the Anglo-Ameican Commission of Inquiry that Palestine's Jews could and would defend themselves if British troops were withdrawn.

The U.S. House of Representatives Appropriations Committee revealed that President Harry Truman had proposed a $4.2-billion Navy budget for 1947.

Politics and government
U.S. Secretary of State James Byrnes deplored the U.S.S.R.'s refusal to permit opposition members in the Bulgarian cabinet, claiming that such participation had been agreed upon by Allied foreign ministers.

Iranian Prime Minister Ahmad Ghavam Saltaneh returned to Tehran from Moscow as left-wing members of parliament prevented the legislature from extending its session, leaving Mr. Ghavam the virtual dictator of Iran.

Transportation
The 18 nations of the United Maritime Executive Board ended wartime controls of international shipping.

Science
University of California chemist Dr. Melvin Calvin disclosed a new method of obtaining oxygen from the air based on the process used by the human body.

Agriculture
The U.S. House of Representatives approved by voice vote a $1.1-billion appropriation for the Agriculture Department.

Economics and finance
U.S. Treasury Secretary Fred Vinson was elected chairman of the Boards of Governors of both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

70 years ago
1951

Theatre
Stalag 17, written and directed by Donald Bevan and Edmund Trzcinski, received its premiere performance at the Edwin Burke Memorial Theater in New York City.

Politics and government
Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi named former Foreign Minister Hussein Ala to succeed the assassinated Ali Razmara as Prime Minister of Iran.

Religion
In a broadcast to Spanish workers, Pope Pius XII said that the Roman Catholic Church "insists on the necessity of a more just distribution of property and condemns all that is contrar to nature in a social situation where in contrast to a small group of privileged and vastly rich people there lives an enormous impoverished mass."

Economics and finance
U.S. President Harry Truman's International Development Advisory Board, chaired by Nelson Rockefeller, recommended ther creation of a new agency to handle all foreign economic programs, now shared by 23 offices.

60 years ago
1961

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): Rubber Ball--Bobby Vee (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Italy: 24.000 baci--Adriano Celentano (5th week at #1)

#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): Ramona--Blue Diamonds (11th week at #1)

#1 single in the Netherlands (Dutch Top 40): Wooden Heart--Elvis Presley (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.K. (Record Mirror): Walk Right Back--The Everly Brothers (3rd week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Pony Time--Chubby Checker
2 Surrender--Elvis Presley
3 Calcutta--Lawrence Welk and his Orchestra
4 Don't Worry--Marty Robbins
5 Where the Boys Are--Connie Francis
6 Wheels--The String-A-Longs
--[Billy Vaughn and his Orchestra]
7 Dedicated to the One I Love--The Shirelles
8 Apache--Jorgen Ingmann and his Guitar
9 There's a Moon Out Tonight--The Capris
10 Baby Sittin' Boogie--Buzz Clifford

Singles entering the chart were Blue Moon by the Marcels (#49); I've Told Every Little Star by Linda Scott (#73); Merry-Go-Round by Marv Johnson (#75); That's It - I Quit - I'm Movin' On by Sam Cooke (#78); Just for Old Time's Sake by the McGuire Sisters (#82); Little Pedro by the Olympics (#92); Some of Your Lovin' by Johnny Nash (#94); Lonely Man by Elvis Presley (#95); Baby Blue by the Echoes (#96); I'm Jealous by Ike & Tina Turner (#98); Canadian Sunset by Etta James (#100); Orange Blossom Special by Billy Vaughn and his Orchestra (also #100); and Green Grass of Texas by the Texans (#100).

Vancouver's Top 10 (CFUN)
1 "D" in Love--Cliff Richard and the Shadows
2 Surrender--Elvis Presley
3 The Touchables--Dickie Goodman
4 Little Miss Stuck-Up--The Playmates
5 Three Wheels on My Wagon--Dick Van Dyke
6 Memphis--Donnie Brooks
7 Ling-Ting-Tong--Buddy Knox
8 Top Forty, News, Weather and Sports--Mark Dinning
9 Star-Crossed Lovers--Eddy and Teddy
10 Happy Birthday Blues--Kathy Young with the Innocents

Singles entering the chart were Blue Moon by the Marcels (#16); Bumble Boogie by B. Bumble and the Stingers (#35); California Sun by Joe Jones (#39); Hard Rock Mine by Dorsey Burnette (#40); Donald, Where's Your Troosers? by Andy Stewart (#42); Honky Tonk (Part 2) by Bill Doggett (#44); Just the Two of Us by Jess Conrad (#45); On the Rebound by Floyd Cramer (#46); Happiness by the Elegants (#48); A Hundred Pounds of Clay by Gene McDaniels (#49); and Runaway by Del Shannon (#50).

Vancouver's Top 10 (CKWX)
1 Three Wheels on My Wagon--Dick Van Dyke
2 Surrender--Elvis Presley
3 Two--Del Erickson
4 A Scottish Soldier (Green Hills of Tyrol)--Andy Stewart
5 The Touchables--Dickie Goodman
6 Donald, Where's Your Troosers?--Andy Stewart
7 "D" in Love--Cliff Richard and the Shadows
8 Ebony Eyes/Walk Right Back--The Everly Brothers
9 Asia Minor--Kokomo
10 Little Miss Stuck-Up--The Playmates

Singles entering the chart were Bumble Boogie by B. Bumble and the Stingers (#24); Blue Moon by the Marcels (#28); Mother-in-Law by Ernie K-Doe (#30); Tonight My Love, Tonight by Paul Anka (#33); Riot in Cell Block #9 by Wanda Jackson (#34); Blizzard by Jim Reeves (#37); Ginnie Bell by Paul Dino (#38); Star-Crossed Lovers by Eddy and Teddy (#39); and Portrait of My Love by Steve Lawrence (#40).

On television tonight
The Roaring 20's, on ABC
Tonight's episode: War with the Nighthawkers

Boxing
Former world welterweight and middleweight champion Carmen Basilio (56-15-7) won a unanimous 10-round decision over Don Jordan (51-17-1) in a middleweight bout at War Memorial Auditorium in Syracuse, New York.

50 years ago
1971

Hit parade
#1 single in France (IFOP): My Sweet Lord--George Harrison (9th week at #1)

#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): My Sweet Lord--George Harrison (7th week at #1)

On television tonight
Anne Murray: Straight, Clean and Simple, on CBC

This was the Canadian singer's second television special.

Died on this date
Philo T. Farnsworth, 64. U.S. inventor. Mr. Farnsworth held 300 patents, mostly in radio and television. He was best known for his 1927 invention of the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device (video camera tube), the image dissector, as well as the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system. Mr. Farnsworth also invented the Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor, a small nuclear fusion device. He had many legal battles over his patent rights, drank heavily in his later years, and died of pneumonia. Mr. Farnsworth was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1984.

Whitney Young, 49. U.S. civil rights activist. Mr. Young was a social worker who became active in the National Urban League in the late 1940s, rising to the position of Executive Director in 1961. Under his leadership, the NUL became more active in the struggle for Negro civil rights, particularly in the area of employment discrimination. Mr. Young also became President of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) in 1969, and held both offices at the time he went to Nigeria in March 1971 to attend a conference sponsored by the African-American Institute, and drowned while swimming with friends in Lagos.

Protest
A riot occurred between cadets of the University of Puerto Rico’s Reserve Officers Training Corps and radical students advocating Puerto Rican independence. Two policemen and an ROTC cadet were killed and 50 others were injured in the riot, which began with the appearance on campus of an ROTC cadet in uniform. The radical students rampaged through Rio Piedras afterward, starting fires and attacking stores associated in any way with the United States. The campus was shut down after the riot and 64 were arrested.

40 years ago
1981

Diplomacy
U.S. President Ronald Reagan addressed the Canadian Parliament, deploring the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and pledging continuing friendship with Canada.

War
U.S. officials stated that it appeared that Marxist guerrillas in El Salvador might be running low on weapons, attributable to a decision by Nicaragua and Cuba to reduce their aid to the rebels.

Protest
Hundreds of students demonstrated at the University of Pristina in Kosovo, then part of Yugoslavia, to give their province more political rights. The protests then became a nationwide movement.

30 years ago
1991

Hit parade
#1 single in Japan (Oricon Singles Chart): Oh! Yeah!/Love Story wa Totsuzen ni--Kazumasa Oda (4th week at #1)

#1 single in Finland (Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland): Bad Boys--Inner Circle (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in Germany (Media Control): Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)--C+C Music Factory featuring Freedom Williams (2nd week at #1)

Politics and government
Gordon Towers was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta.

Environment
Canadian Health Minister Perrin Beatty announced a $275-million six-year program to improve drinking water and sewage treatment on Indian reserves.

25 years ago
1996

Hit parade
#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): Children--Robert Miles (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Norway (VG-lista): Velvet--Savoy

#1 single in Germany (Media Control): Lemon Tree--Fools Garden (3rd week at #1)

Canada's Top 10 (RPM)
1 The World I Know--Collective Soul
2 Missing--Everything But the Girl
3 One of Us--Joan Osborne
4 Ironic--Alanis Morissette
5 1979--Smashing Pumpkins
6 Wonderwall--Oasis
7 One Sweet Day--Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men
8 So Far Away--Rod Stewart
9 I Want to Come Over--Melissa Etheridge
10 Don't Cry--Seal

Singles entering the chart were Real Stuff by Colin James (#88); Only Love (The Ballad of Sleeping Beauty) by Sophie B. Hawkins (#89); Can't Get You Off of My Mind by Lenny Kravitz (#90); Somewhere by Phil Collins (#91); Big Me by Foo Fighters (#92); Sexual Healing by Max-A-Million (#93); In the Meantime by Spacehog (#94); You Learn by Alanis Morissette (#95); Closer to Free by the BoDeans (#96); More than I Can Do by Steve Earle (#97); and You Never Done it Like That by Carol Medina (#99).

Died on this date
Vince Edwards, 67. U.S. actor. Mr. Edwards, born Vincent Edward Zoine, was best known for starring as the title character in the television series Ben Casey (1961-1966).

Politics and government
A little over a month after being sworn in as Premier of Quebec, Lucien Bouchard delivered a speech to 400 representatives of the English-speaking community at the Centaur Theatre in Montreal. Mr. Bouchard made no formal commitment on this occasion, leading the president of Alliance Quebec, Michael Hamelin, to declare to journalists: "We are looking for the meat."

Hockey
NHL
Dallas 1 @ Montreal 4

The Canadiens defeated the Stars in the last game played at the Montreal Forum.



Football
NFL
National Football League club owners voted to allow Cleveland Browns' owner Art Modell to move his team to Baltimore, where they were renamed the Ravens.

10 years ago
2001

Health
25 new cases of foot-and-mouth disease were identified in England.

Curling
The Randy Ferbey rink, representing Alberta, defeated Kerry Burtnyk of Manitoba 8-4 in the final to win the Brier at the Ottawa Civic Centre.



10 years ago
2011

Scandal
Canadian Senator Raymond Lavigne (independent Liberal--Montarville) was found guilty of fraud and breach of trust for misusing Senate resources and pocketing expenses; the former Liberal MP resigned his Senate seat on March 21. He was sentenced on May 10 to six months in jail and six months of house arrest and ordered to donate $10,000 to charity.

Labour
Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker (Republican) signed a measure to eliminate most union rights for public employees, a proposal which had provoked three weeks of protests.

Disasters
An earthquake measuring 9.0 in magnitude struck 81 miles east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami that killed thousands of people. This event also triggered the second largest nuclear accident in history, and one of only two events to be classified as a Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale.

March 10, 2021

630 years ago
1391

Died on this date
Tvrtko I, 53 (?). King of Bosnia, 1377-1391; King of Serbs, 1377-1391; King of Croatia and Dalmatia, 1390-1391. Tvrtko I succeeded his father Stephen II as Ban of Bosnia in 1353, and became the first King of Bosnia in 1377. During his reign, Bosnia reached its peak and became the strongest power in the Balkans. Tvrtko I died unexpectedly, leaving no legitimate children. He was succeeded by his half-brother Dabiša.

525 years ago
1496

Exploration
Christopher Columbus concluded his second visit to the Western Hemisphere as he left Hispaniola for Spain.

360 years ago
1661

Politics and government
French King Louis XIV began his personal rule of France, the day after the death of his Chief Minister, Cardinal Mazarin.

225 years ago
1796

Born on this date
Julia Beckwith. Canadian authoress. Miss Beckwith, a native of Fredericton, New Brunswick, was credited as Canada's first novelist. Her first novel, St. Ursula's Convent or, The Nun of Canada; Containing Scenes from Real Life, was published in Kingston, Upper Canada in 1824, more than 10 years after it was written, and in an edition of only 165 copies. Miss Beckwith wrote two more novels, and died in Fredericton on November 28, 1867 at the age of 71.

190 years ago
1831

Defense
The French Foreign Legion was created by King Louis Philippe from the foreign regiments of the Kingdom of France.

160 years ago
1861

Born on this date
Clifford Sifton. Canadian politician. Sir Clifford, a native of Middlesex County, Canada West, was a Liberal who was first elected to the Manitoba Legislative Assembly in 1888, and served as the province's Attorney General (1891-1896). He moved into federal politics in 1896, and represented Brandon in the House of Commons (1896-1911). Sir Clifford was Minister of the Interior (1896-1905) in the cabinet of Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, and oversaw a tremendous increase in immigration, especially to the prairie provinces. He resigned from the cabinet over the issue of publicly funded religious education in the new provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and eventually retired from politics as a result of increasing deafness. Sir Clifford died at the age of 68 on April 17, 1929 in New York City, where he was visiting a heart specialist. His brother Arthur was Premier of Alberta (1910-1917).

War
El Hadj Umar Tall seized the city of Ségou, destroying the Bamana Empire of Mali.

150 years ago
1871

Politics and government
Lieutenant Governor Adams Archibald opened the first session of the appointed Legislative Council of Manitoba, in advance of the first meeting of the Manitoba legislature on March 15; the council was abolished five years later.

130 years ago
1891

Born on this date
Sam Jaffe. U.S. actor. Mr. Jaffe was a character actor in movies such as Lost Horizon (1937); Gunga Din (1939); The Asphalt Jungle (1950)--for which he was nominated for an Academy Award; and The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). He was blacklisted by Hollywood in the 1950s because of alleged Communist sympathies, but made a comeback with a supporting performance in Ben-Hur (1959). Mr. Jaffe was perhaps best known for playing the character Dr. David Zorba in the television series Ben Casey (1961-1965). He died on March 24, 1984 at the age of 93.

Technology
Almon Strowger, an undertaker in Topeka, Kansas, patented the Strowger switch, a device which led to the automation of telephone circuit switching.

100 years ago
1921

Hockey
NHL
O'Brien Cup
Toronto 0 @ Ottawa 5 (First game of 2-game total goals series)

Buck Boucher scored 3 goals and Cy Denneny scored the other 2 as the Senators, winners of the first half of the split season, shut out the St. Patricks, winners of the second half of the season, at the Arena. Clint Benedict posted the shutout in goal.

80 years ago
1941

Defense
W. Averell Harriman, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal representative to U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, left New York for London to expedite material aid for Britain under the Lend-Lease program.

Diplomacy
The U. S. Senate passed a resolution declaring that the United States would not recognize the transfer of any territory in the Western Hemisphere from one non-American power to another.

Politics and government
Former Lithuanian President Antanas Smetona arrived in New York, declaring that he was still the legal head of his country because he had never authorized the U.S.S.R.'s annexation of Lithuania in June 1940.

Economics and finance
French Vice President François Darlan threatened to use the fleet to convoy food ships "so that France can eat."

Labour
U.S. Acting Commissioner of Works Projects Howard O. Hunter authorized a 48-hour work week on Works Progress Administration-certified defense projects affecting about 200,000 workers.

75 years ago
1946

Died on this date
Karl Haushofer, 76. German military officer and political adviser. Professor Haushofer was an adviser to German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler and Mr. Hitler's secretary Rudolf Hess, and the originator of the term Lebensraum to describe German expansionist ambitions. Professor Haushofer's son Albrecht was executed by the SS in 1945 for participating in the July 20, 1944 assassination plot against Mr. Hitler. Mr. Haushofer and his wife committed suicide in Frankfurt.

Politics and government
The Japanese government barred from public life all writers, artists, publishers, and editors who had promoted military aggression; all businessmen who had helped finance it; and all diplomats who had had anything to do with the Axis pact.

Economics and finance
U.S. Stabilization Director Chester Bowles presented a "blueprint" to clarify government policy, stating that wage increases would be based on area and industrial patterns.

Labour
A 24-hour strike of municipal workers in Kingston, Jamaica was reported over.

70 years ago
1951

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): The Thing--Phil Harris; Les Welch (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): Be My Love--Mario Lanza (Best Seller--1st week at #1); If--Perry Como (Disc Jockey--2nd week at #1); The Tennessee Waltz--Patti Page (Jukebox--10th week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Be My Love--Mario Lanza (2nd week at #1)
2 If--Perry Como
3 You’re Just in Love--Perry Como
4 My Heart Cries for You--Guy Mitchell
--Dinah Shore
--Vic Damone
--Jimmy Wakely
5 The Tennessee Waltz--Patti Page
--Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians
--Les Paul and Mary Ford
--Jo Stafford
6 The Roving Kind--Guy Mitchell
--The Weavers
7 So Long (It’s Been Good to Know You)--Gordon Jenkins and his Orchestra and the Weavers
8 Would I Love You (Love You, Love You)--Patti Page
9 A Penny a Kiss--Tony Martin and Dinah Shore
10 Mockin’ Bird Hill--Les Paul and Mary Ford
--Patti Page

Singles entering the chart were Beautiful Brown Eyes by Rosemary Clooney (#30); Across the Wide Missouri by Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra (#33); Peter Cottontail by Gene Autry (#36); and When You Return, with versions by Billy Eckstine; and Mindy Carson (#38). Miss Carson’s version was the other side of Boutonniere, charting at #39.

Died on this date
Kijūrō Shidehara, 78. Prime Minister of Japan, 1930-1931, 1945-1946. Baron Shidehara was a pacifist and career diplomat who was Japan's chief negotiator at the Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922). He was elevated to the kazoku (hereditary peerage) in 1925, and sat in the House of Peers until it was abolished in 1947. Baron Shidehara served as Foreign Minister (1924-1927, 1929, 1931), and was interim Prime Minister from November 1930-March 1931 while Osachi Hamaguchi recovered from an assassination attempt. Baron Shidehara maintained a low profile during World War II, and was appointed Japan's first postwar Prime Minister, serving from October 9, 1945-May 22, 1946, leaving office after his government lost power in the country's first postwar election. After the abolition of the House of Peers under the new constitution, Baron Shidehara was elected to the House of Representatives as a member of the Liberal Party, serving as Speaker of the House from February 11, 1949 until his death.

Crime
U.S. federal agents in San Antonio, Texas announced the brakup of "the biggest international marijuana smuggling ring in recent years," with headquarters in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico.

Economics and finance
Mexican Treasury Minister Ramon Beteta said that his country now had a $344-million dollar reserve, eliminating the need for further U.S. loans beyond a pending $150-million credit.

Boxing
Kid Gavilan (70-12-3) scored a technical knockout of Tommy Ciarlo (39-32-7) in the 8th round of a welterweight bout at Palacio de Deportes in Havana. Mr. Gavilan had won a 10-round decision over Mr. Ciarlo in Caracas just 19 days earlier.



60 years ago
1961

Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): Walk Right Back--The Everly Brothers (2nd week at #1)

On television tonight
The Twilight Zone, on CBS
Tonight’s episode: Static, starring Dean Jagger, Carmen Mathews, Robert Emhardt, and Arch Johnson

50 years ago
1971

Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): Baby Jump--Mungo Jerry

Politics and government
10 days of voting in India’s parliamentary elections concluded with a landslide win for the New Congress Party of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. New Congress took 352 of 521 seats in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of parliament. The 10-day election stirred riots between Hindus and Muslims; ballot box thefts; and police raids on Communist bomb factories. 60 died in the unrest.

The Australian Liberal party voted 34-33 to oust John Gorton as party leader and Prime Minister. Mr. Gorton cast the deciding vote against himself after a 33-33 tie on a vote of confidence. He was succeeded as party leader by deputy party leader and Foreign Minister William McMahon. Governor General Sir Paul Hasluck asked Mr. McMahon to form a new government, and the new Prime Minister named Mr. Gorton, who had been chosen to be the party’s new deputy leader, as Defense Minister. The shuffle came after three days of internal party turmoil in which Defense Minister Malcolm Fraser resigned and accused Mr. Gorton of "significant disloyalty" to him I a dispute with the army over Vietnam War policy.

Norwegian Labour Party leader Trygve Bratelli said that he had agreed to form a minority government, eight days after the non-socialist coalition of Prime Minister Per Borten resigned.

The United States Senate voted 94-0 to support an amendment to the U.S. Constitution lowering the voting age in all elections to 18.

Terrorism
Three British soldiers were killed in execution-style murders by Northern Irish terrorists. The killings were blamed on the Irish Republican Army, but two warring IRA factions disclaimed any responsibility for the killings.

Economics and finance
The United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare reported that more than 10% of the residents of 7 of the nation’s 20 largest cities were on welfare. Based on data from February 1970, Boston led at 15.3%, followed by New York (13.4%); Baltimore (12.8%); St. Louis (12.5%); San Francisco (11.7%); Philadelphia (11.5%); and Newark (11.5%).

40 years ago
1981

Hit parade
Vancouver's Top 10 (CKLG)
1 Woman--John Lennon (3rd week at #1)
2 Celebration--Kool & The Gang
3 A Little in Love--Cliff Richard
4 The Best of Times--Styx
5 Turn Me Loose--Loverboy
6 9 to 5--Dolly Parton
7 Living in a Fantasy--Leo Sayer
8 Rapture--Blondie
9 Keep on Loving You--REO Speedwagon
10 The Tide is High--Blondie

Singles entering the chart were Fireflies by Fleetwood Mac (#19); and Kiss on My List by Daryl Hall & John Oates (#20).

Diplomacy
Ronald Reagan arrived in Ottawa to begin his first visit to a foreign country as President of the United States. In his meeting with Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, Mr. Reagan talked about the importance of curbing inflation, aid to El Salvador, and the problem of acid rain.

Oil
Panarctic Oils Ltd. found oil in an offshore exploratory well in the eastern Canadian Arctic.

Economics and finance
U.S. President Ronald Reagan delivered to Congress his budget for fiscal 1982. It called for a total of $695 billion--with a deficit of $45 billion--with a reduction in spending of $13.8 billion in addition to the $34.8 billion cut announced in February. The additional cuts were to be made in the food and nutrition programs of the Department of Agriculture; the Department of Education; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Hockey
NHL
Buffalo Sabres' head coach and general manager Scotty Bowman made two trades with the Los Angeles Kings. He traded left wing Rick Martin for the Kings' third-round choice in the 1981 Entry Draft and the Kings' first-round choice in the 1983 Entry Draft. Mr. Martin had scored 382 regular season goals in 10 seasons with the Sabres, but his career had been shortened with a severe knee injury suffered on November 9, 1980 when he had been kicked by Washington Capitals' goalie Mike Palmateer. In 23 games with the Sabres in 1980-81, Mr. Martin scored 7 goals and 14 assists. Mr. Bowman also traded center Don Luce to Los Angeles for cash and the Kings' sixth choice in the 1982 Entry Draft. In 61 games with Buffalo in 1980-81 Mr. Luce had scored 15 goals and 13 assists.

30 years ago
1991

Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): Unchained Melody--The Righteous Brothers (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Switzerland: Crazy--Seal

Austria's Top 10 (Ö3)
1 Unchained Melody--The Righteous Brothers (6th week at #1)
2 Hello Afrika--Dr. Alban featuring Leila K.
3 Kränk di net--Jazz Gitti & her Disco Killers
4 Fantasy--Black Box
5 Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)--C & C Music Factory featuring Freedom Williams
6 Crazy--Seal
7 To Love Somebody--Jimmy Somerville
8 Keep on Running--Milli Vanilli
9 Don't Worry--Kim Appleby
10 Sadeness Part I--Enigma

Singles entering the chart were Sister Soul & Mr. Beat by Beat 4 Feet featuring Kim Cooper (#14); Disappear by INXS (#21); and Unbelievable by EMF (#23).

World events
Moscow Mayor Gavril Popov urged citizens not to support the treaty to preserve the Soviet Union.

Protest
Thousands of Russian President Boris Yeltsin's supporters demonstrated in Moscow and other cities.

War
All 21 former U.S. Gulf War prisoners of war arrived at Andrews Air Force base in Maryland.

Politics and government
Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa addressed the Quebec Liberal Party convention, playing down aspects of the party’s platform that seemed to emphasis Quebec sovereignty, and defending the party’s traditional support for federalism.

Curling
Kevin Martin’s Alberta rink defeated Saskatchewan (Randy Woytowich) 8-4 in the final to win the Labatt Brier at Copps Coliseum in Hamilton. It was the first Canadian championship for Mr. Martin.



25 years ago
1996

Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): Wonderwall--Oasis

#1 single in Austria (Ö3): Spaceman--Babylon Zoo (4th week at #1)

#1 single in Switzerland: Children--Robert Miles (4th week at #1)

#1 single in Scotland (OCC): How Deep is Your Love--Take That (2nd week at #1)

Died on this date
Ross Hunter, 69. U.S. movie producer. Mr. Hunter, born Martin Terry Fuss, was known for producing movies such as Magnificent Obsession (1954); All That Heaven Allows (1955); Tammy and the Bachelor (1957); Imitation of Life (1959); Pillow Talk (1959); and Airport (1970).

Track and field
NCAA
The University of Arkansas' record run of 12 straight NCAA indoor track championships ended when coach John McDonnell's squad lost to George Mason University at Indianapolis.

Curling
The Manitoba rink, skipped by Jeff Stoughton, stole a point in the 11th end to defeat Kevin Martin's Alberta rink 8-7 in the final of the Labbatt Brier at Riverside Coliseum in Kamloops, British Columbia.



Hockey
CIS
Men's Final
Acadia 3 Waterloo 2

20 years ago
2001

World events
Two 5th-century depictions of Buddha carved into a mountainside in Bamiyan, west of Kabul, became the latest works of art to be destroyed by the ruling Taliban in Afghanistan as part of their campaign against idolatry.

Politics and government
The Nuu-chah-nulth First Nations tribal council, the largest Native group in British Columbia, signed a treaty with provincial and federal governments, giving it more autonomy over its territories on Vancouver and Meares Islands and a large one-time payment.

10 years ago
2011

Movies
The Genie Awards for 2010, recognizing the best in Canadian cinema, were presented at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa. Incendies won eight awards, including Motion Picture; Direction (Denis Villeneuve); and Actress (Lubna Azabal). Barney's Version won seven, including Actor (Paul Giamatti); Supporting Actor (Dustin Hoffman); and Supporting Actress (Minnie Driver).