October 31, 2017

500 years ago
1517

Religion
Martin Luther reportedly posted his 95 Theses on the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Saxony, beginning the Protestant Reformation.

150 years ago
1867

Economics and finance
Bavaria and Wurtemburg joined the Zollverein.

130 years ago
1887

Born on this date
Chiang Kai-shek. Chinese military and political leader. Mr. Chiang was the major military and political leader of China from 1928 until his Nationalist forces were defeated by Communists in 1949. Mr. Chiang and his forces fled the Chinese mainland and relocated on the island of Taiwan, where he served as President of the Republic of China until his death on April 5, 1975 at the age of 87.

125 years ago
1892

Born on this date
Aleksandr Alekhine. Russian-born French chess player. Mr. Alekhine was a Grandmaster who emigrated to France in 1921. He defeated José Raúl Capablanca to win the world championship in 1927, and dominated tournament play until losing his title to Max Euwe in 1935. Mr. Alekhine regained the championship in the rematch against Mr. Euwe in 1937, and cooperated with occupying Nazi authorities in France during World War II in order to protect his French wife's assets. Mr. Alekhine's wartime activities resulted in his not being invited to tournaments outside the Iberian peninsula. He was preparing to defend his title in Estoril, Portugal when he was found dead in his hotel room on March 24, 1946 at the age of 53; his death was attributed to a heart attack, although one reported witness to the autopsy said that Mr. Alekhine had choked on a piece of meat. Mr. Alekhine was opposed to Communism and the Soviet government, and conspiracy theories assert that he was murdered and the evidence altered.

Transportation
The Norfolk and Western Railroad was opened for traffic to Portsmouth, Ohio.

Boxing
Joe Choynski (19-4) knocked out George Godfrey (22-5-11) in the 15th round of a light heavyweight bout at Coney Island Athletic Club, Coney Island, New York.

110 years ago
1907

Track and field
117 competitors each carried a 200-pound bag of salt over the greatest possible distance in the streets of Montreal. The race was organized by Dr. Joseph-Pierre Gadbois in order to discover elite athletes among the French-Canadian population. Hundreds of thousands of Montrealers witnessed the test, won by Joseph Ouellette, covering nearly 5 miles in a time of 3 hours and 5 minutes.

Football
IRFU
Ottawa (1-3) 8 @ Hamilton (3-1) 20
Montreal (4-1) 9 @ Toronto (1-4) 7

ORFU
Peterboro (2-1) 15 @ (Toronto) Victorias (1-2) 6

Canadian university
Toronto (2-2) 10 @ Ottawa (3-0-1) 13

ARU
Strathcona (0-2) 0 @ Calgary (1-0) 15

500 fans at the Western college grounds saw the first game for Calgary City Rugby Football Club.

100 years ago
1917

Died on this date
Gilbert Ganong, 66. Canadian confectioner and politician. Mr. Ganong, a native of Springfield, New Brunswick, moved to St. Stephen, N.B. and entered into a partnership with his brother James to establish Ganong Bros. in 1873, which became the largest manufacturer of confectionary products in Canada. Gilbert Ganong was a Liberal-Conservative and represented the New Brunswick riding of Charlotte in the Canadian House of Commons (1896-1908). He took office as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick on June 29, 1917, but died of "intestinal toxemia complications with nephritis" after just four months in office.

War
British Empire forces led by General Edmund Allenby won a tactical victory over Ottoman and German forces in the Battle of Beersheba in Syria, the "last successful cavalry charge in history."

75 years ago
1942

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire--Horace Heidt and his Orchestra; The Ink Spots (1st month at #1)

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): White Christmas--Bing Crosby

War
About 30 German planes bombed Canterbury in an afternoon raid. American fliers caused heavy damage to several Japanese ships in a night attack on Buin, Bouganville Island.

Politics and government
A Gallup Poll reported that the Democratic Party would win 256-276 seats and the Republican Party 158-178 seats in November 3 U.S. Congressional elections.

Labour
U.S. Labor Secretary Frances Perkins said that at least 3 million more women and 1.5 million more men must be employed during the next year to avert a serious labour shortage.

Football
Ottawa Senior City Football League
Uplands RCAF (2-1) 13 Rough Riders (2-1) 6

2,500 fans were in attendance at Lansdowne Park.

ORFU
Kitchener-Waterloo (0-7) 5 @ HMCS York (4-2-1) 18
Toronto RCAF Hurricanes (6-0-1) 20 Toronto Balmy Beach (4-3) 10
Toronto Oakwood Indians (2-5) 5 @ Hamilton (4-3) 20

WSCFL
Finals (1st game of 2-game total points series)
RCAF 18 Bombers 14

Johnny Lake scored a touchdown, 2 converts, and 2 field goals as the Bombers scored all their points in the 2nd half to beat the Flyers at Osborne Stadium. Wally “Chick” Chikowski scored the other RCAF touchdown. Bud Moorhouse and Ken Preston scored touchdowns for the Bombers; Frank Mathers kicked a convert and Ches McCance added a field goal.

70 years ago
1947

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): Mam'selle--Frank Sinatra; Dick Haymes (1st month at #1)

Diplomacy
The United Nations General Assembly approved a headquarters agreement with the United States that gave UN delegates diplomatic immunity in New York, but allowed the U.S. to deport delegates and UN employees who broke American laws outside their official duties. The Assembly rejected a Soviet proposal giving colonial territories associate membership on the UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East.

The 1947 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the American Friends Service Committee and the British Society of Friends Service Council for "compassion for others and the desire to help them."

World events
Romanian National Peasant Party leader Juliu Maniu denied at his trial in Bucharest that he had plotted to overthrow the state, but admitted giving information to U.S. and U.K. agents while seeking their aid in removing Romania's Communist-dominated government.

Politics and government
A predominantly military cabinet headed by Navy Minister Admiral Roque Saldias took office in Peru.

The Slovak National Council, dominated by the centrist Democratic Party, was dissolved by its Communist chairman, Gustav Husak.

Defense
The U.S. Navy accepted delivery of its first transport helicopter, the Piasecki HRP 1 Rescuer, capable of carrying a one-ton load and eight passengers at more than 100 miles per hour.

Economics and finance
The Greek government announced a $120-million program of emergency taxes on business, property, and luxury goods for military and relief purposes.

Labour
American Federation of Labor Secretary-Treasurer George Meany signed a National Labor Relations Board affidavit affirming that he was not a Communist.

Boxing
World light heavyweight champion Gus Lesnevich (59-11-5) scored a technical knockout of Tami Mauriello (75-11-1) at 33 seconds of the 7th round of their heavyweight bout at Madison Square Garden in New York. The two had fought three months earlier, with Mr. Lesnevich winning a 10-round unanimous decision.

European middleweight champion Marcel Cerdan (103-2) survived 3 knockdowns in the final round to win a 10-round unanimous decision over Anton Raadik (19-7); the decision was booed by many of the 9,172 fans at Chicago Stadium.

Basketball
PBLA
Tulsa (3-1) 46 @ Kansas City (0-2) 38
Chicago (1-0) 59 @ St. Paul (1-1) 49
New Orleans (1-1) 75 @ Chattanooga (0-1) 57

60 years ago
1957

Diplomacy
The Arab League Council, meeting in Cairo, unanimously approved a resolution renewing pledges that "any attack against Syria will be considered an attack against all Arab countries."

Defense
The U.S. Air Force successfully test-launched a Snark guided missile, which delivered a simulated nuclear warhead over a distance of 5,000 miles.

Politics and government
Swedish Prime Minister Tage Erlander took office as the head of a new, all-Socialist cabinet.

Labour
The Teamsters union Executive Board decided in Washington not to oust President Jimmy Hoffa or take any of the other clean-up steps ordered by the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations Executive Council.

50 years ago
1967

On television tonight
The Invaders, starring Roy Thinnes, on ABC
Tonight's episode: Summit Meeting: Part I

Politics and government
Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Thieu was inaugurated as President of South Vietnam; he appointed a civilian, Nguyen Van Loc, as Prime Minister.

40 years ago
1977

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): I Just Want to Be Your Everything--Andy Gibb (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Japan (Oricon Singles Chart): Wanted (Shimei Tehai)--Pink Lady (7th week at #1)

#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): Rockollection--Laurent Voulzy (4th week at #1)

Diplomacy
The United Nations Security Council demanded an end to "violence and repression against the black people" of South Africa.

Politics and government
The James Bay Land Claims Agreement, Canada's first modern First Nations treaty, was signed into law in Montreal. The agreement between the Government of Canada and New Québec Cree and Inuit transferred aboriginal rights and lands in return for $225 million, hunting and fishing rights and greater self-government, paving the way for construction of the James Bay Hydroelectric Project, which would flood ancestral land.

Scandal
Former U.S. Central Intelligence Agency Director Richard Helms, in a plea bargain, pled no contest to two misdemeanor counts of failing to testify fully and accurately at two Senate committee hearing in 1973. Mr. Helms had twice denied that the CIA had provided money to opponents of Chilean President Salvador Allende, but it was later revealed that the agency had given over $8 million to Mr. Allende's opponents. Mr. Helms was allowed to get away with the plea bargain because the administration of President Jimmy Carter believed that a public trial of Mr. Helms for perjury would have required the release of classified information.

30 years ago
1987

Hit parade
#1 single in Italy: Bad--Michael Jackson (4th week at #1)

#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): La Bamba--Los Lobos (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in Flanders (Ultratop 50): Never Gonna Give You Up--Rick Astley (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in the Netherlands (De Nederlandse Top 40): Never Gonna Give You Up--Rick Astley (4th week at #1)

#1 single in Ireland (IRMA): You Win Again--Bee Gees (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): You Win Again--Bee Gees (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.K. (BMRB): You Win Again--Bee Gees (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): Bad--Michael Jackson (2nd week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Bad--Michael Jackson (2nd week at #1)
2 I Think We're Alone Now--Tiffany
3 Causing a Commotion--Madonna
4 U Got the Look--Prince
5 Casanova--Levert
6 Mony Mony (Live)--Billy Idol
7 Brilliant Disguise--Bruce Springsteen
8 Let Me Be the One--Expose
9 Little Lies--Fleetwood Mac
10 Breakout--Swing Out Sister

Singles entering the chart were So Emotional by Whitney Houston (#49); If You Let Me Stay by Terence Trent D'Arby (#89); and System of Survival by Earth, Wind and Fire (#90).

Canada’s Top 10 (RPM)
1 Mony Mony (Live)--Billy Idol
2 Here I Go Again--Whitesnake
3 Paper in Fire--John Cougar Mellencamp
4 I Heard a Rumour--Bananarama
5 Only in My Dreams-Debbie Gibson
6 La Bamba--Los Lobos
7 Causing a Commotion--Madonna
8 Bad--Michael Jackson
9 Lost in Emotion--Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam
10 When Smokey Sings--ABC

Singles entering the chart were Got My Mind Set on You by George Harrison (#89); Boy's Night Out by Timothy B. Schmit (#92); Shake Your Love by Debbie Gibson (#94); Candle in the Wind by Elton John (#95); Don't You Want Me by Jody Watley (#96); and Valerie by Steve Winwood (#97).

Politics and government
Motivated by the need for democratic reforms and by discontent with the Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, delegates at a convention in Winnipeg officially founded the Reform Party of Canada.

Football
CIAU
AUAA
St. Mary’s 26 Acadia 25
Mount Allison 24 St. Francis Xavier 23

OQIFC
Semi-Finals
Bishop’s 39 Carleton 0
McGill 27 Queen’s 24

OUAA
Semi-Finals
Guelph 22 @ Western Ontario 20
Windsor 13 @ Wilfrid Laurier 32

WIFL
Saskatchewan (2-6) 15 @ British Columbia (8-0) 27

The previously-unbeaten Mustangs gave up 3 interceptions and lost 2 fumbles as they lost to the Gryphons before 3,000 fans at J.W. Little Memorial Stadium in London. Carl Ljunberg converted 1 of 2 Guelph touchdowns and kicked 3 field goals, including 2 in the last 5 minutes of the game to provide the margin of victory. Mr. Ljunberg’s 21-yard field goal with 2:13 remaining in the 4th quarter gave the Gryphons a 22-19 lead. Western had a chance to send the game into overtime, but Ray Macoritti missed a 25-yard field goal attempt and it went for a single point with 6 seconds left. Jeff Feagan rushed 2 yards for a touchdown, converted by Mr. Ljunberg, to open the scoring midway through the 1st quarter. A single by Mr. Macoritti got UWO on the scoreboard before the quarter was over, and the Mustangs took an 8-7 lead in the 2nd quarter on a 9-yard touchdown rush by John Wright, converted by Mr. Macoritti. The touchdown came after the Western defense had stopped Guelph on a third-down-and-2-yards-to-go gamble. Mr. Ljunberg kicked a 33-yard field goal, and the Gryphons led 10-8 at halftime. Another single by Mr. Macoritti made the score 10-9. A fumble on a handoff from Mr. Jurus to Mr. Wright was recovered by Guelph, and quarterback Mike Shoemaker fired a 37-yard touchdown pass to Brian Campbell; the convert attempt was unsuccessful. Mr. Macoritti kicked a 27-yard field goal, and the Gryphons led 16-12 after 3 quarters. Early in the 4th quarter, the Gryphons had the ball at the Western 3-yard line, but fumbled on a rushing play, and defensive back Paul Josephs recovered for the Mustangs in their end zone, resulting in UWO taking possession at its own 25. On the first play, Rob Stewart rushed 79 yards; Brendan Lenko then rushed 6 yards for a touchdown, and Mr. Macoritti’s convert gave the Mustangs a 19-16 lead with exactly 10 minutes remaining. However, the Gryphons drove for the tying field goal and got the winning field goal after making an interception off Mr. Jurus. Mr. Stewart led all rushers with 107 yards on 9 carries, while Mr. Wright rushed 13 times for 81 yards. Mr. Campbell led all receivers with 151 yards on 8 receptions.

Jordan Gagner completed 17 of 24 passes for 250 yards, including a 53-yard touchdown to Craig Keller, to help the Thunderbirds defeat the Huskies at Thunderbird Stadium in Vancouver. Mike Marasco led the UBC rushing attack with 101 yards and 2 touchdowns.

25 years ago
1992

Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (ARIA): Achy Breaky Heart--Billy Ray Cyrus (5th week at #1)

#1 single in Japan (Oricon Singles Chart): Zero--B'z (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Italy (FIMI): Erotica--Madonna (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): Don't You Want Me--Felix (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Flanders (Ultratop 50): Heading for a Fall--Vaya con Dios (4th week at #1)

#1 single in France (SNEP): Dur dur d'être bébé!--Jordy (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in the Netherlands (De Nederlandse Top 40): Sweat (A La La La La Long)--Inner Circle (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.K. (Chart Information Network): End of the Road--Boyz II Men

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): End of the Road--Boyz II Men (12th week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 End of the Road--Boyz II Men (7th week at #1)
2 Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough--Patty Smyth with Don Henley
3 Erotica--Madonna
4 I'd Die Without You--PM Dawn
5 Jump Around--House of Pain
6 How Do You Talk to an Angel--The Heights
7 When I Look Into Your Eyes--Firehouse
8 Free Your Mind--En Vogue
9 Please Don't Go--K.W.S.
10 She's Playing Hard to Get--Hi-Five

Singles entering the chart were Saving Forever for You by Shanice (#63); Keep the Faith by Bon Jovi (#65); Rump Shaker by Wreckx-N-Effect (#66); Slow and Sexy by Shabba Ranks (featuring Johnny Gill) (#82); and No One Else on Earth by Wynonna (#90).

Canada's Top 10 (RPM)
1 Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough--Patty Smyth with Don Henley (7th week at #1)
2 Layla--Eric Clapton
3 End of the Road--Boyz II Men
4 Walking on Broken Glass--Annie Lennox
5 Nothing Broken But My Heart--Celine Dion
6 Song Instead of a Kiss--Alannah Myles
7 Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad--Def Leppard
8 Digging in the Dirt--Peter Gabriel
9 Not Enough Time--INXS
10 Washed Away--Tom Cochrane

Singles entering the chart were Who's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses by U2 (#50); Never Saw a Miracle by Curtis Stigers (#75); Hotel Illness by the Black Crowes (#86); Twister by the Northern Pikes (#92); An Emotion Away by Alanis (#93); My Name is Prince by Prince (#95); Little Miss Can't Be Wrong by Spin Doctors (#96); Money Love by Neneh Cherry (#97); and What About Your Friends by TLC (#99).

Abominations
It was announced that five American nuns in Liberia had been shot to death near the capital city of Monrovia; the killings were blamed on rebels loyal to Charles Taylor.

Religion
Pope John Paul II admitted that the Roman Catholic Church had erred in convicting Galileo Galilei of heresy 350 years earlier for saying that the Earth revolved around the sun.

Football
CFL
Toronto (6-11) 12 @ Ottawa (9-8) 31
Winnipeg (10-7) 29 @ British Columbia (3-14) 26

Quarterback Tom Burgess passed to James Ellingson for a touchdown, rushed for a touchdown of his own, and handed off to Darren Joseph for another as the Rough Riders eliminated the Argonauts from playoff contention before 24,694 fans at Lansdowne Park in the last game there before it was renamed Frank Clair Stadium. Joe Sardo scored the other Ottawa touchdown on a 57-yard return of a blocked punt in the 2nd quarter. Raghib “Rocket” Ismail rushed 4 yards for the only Toronto touchdown in the 1st quarter. Mr. Joseph finished with 89 yards on 15 carries. The Argonauts became the first team to miss the playoffs the year after winning the Grey Cup since the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1973, and the first CFL team to lose all of its road games in a season since the Montreal Concordes in 1982.

Michael Richardson rushed 28 times for 161 yards and Danny McManus completed touchdown passes to Rob Crifo in the 1st quarter and Larry Thompson in the 3rd quarter as the Blue Bombers held on to beat the Lions before 18,183 fans at B.C. Place Stadium in Vancouver. B.C. quarterback Mike Johnson threw touchdown passes to offensive lineman Carl Coulter, Darren Flutie, and Mike Trevathan. Mr. Coulter, normally an offensive lineman, was playing tight end on a short-yardage play from the Winnipeg 3-yard line when he caught his touchdown pass in the 2nd quarter.

CIAU
AUAA
St. Mary’s 56 St. Francis Xavier 17
Mount Allison 32 Acadia 29

OQIFC
Semi-Finals
Bishop’s 21 Ottawa 13
Queen’s 24 McGill 21

OUAA
Semi-finals
Western Ontario 34 Wilfrid Laurier 31
Guelph 31 Toronto 17 (OT)



CWUAA
Manitoba (3-4-1) 18 @ Saskatchewan (3-5) 15

CWUAA-U.S. (Exhibition)
British Columbia 14 @ Western Washington 24

Jon Brunaugh rushed for 279 yards to help the Vikings defeat the Thunderbirds in Bellingham.

20 years ago
1997

Hit parade
#1 single in Germany (Media Control): Candle in the Wind 1997--Elton John (7th week at #1)

#1 single in Sweden (Topplistan): Something About the Way You Look Tonight/Candle in the Wind 1997--Elton John (6th week at #1)

10 years ago
2007

Died on this date
Erdal İnönü, 81. Prime Minister of Turkey, 1993. Dr. İnönü was a theoretical physicist who led the Social Democracy party from 1983-1985 and the Social Democratic Populist Party from 1986-1993. He was Deputy Prime Minister from 1991-1993 and interim Prime Minister from May 16-June 25, 1993.

Politics and government
The Conservative Party of Canada dropped Mark Warner as its candidate in the pending Toronto Centre federal byelection, citing unspecified policy differences.

Business
Rogers Communications officially took ownership of Citytv in Toronto.