Sunday, 24 March 2013

March 25, 2013

790 years ago
1223


Died on this date
Afonso II, 37
. King of Portugal, 1212-1223. King Afonso "The Fat" succeeded his father Sancho I on the throne. He died the day before the eleventh anniversary of his succession, and was in turn succeeded by his 15-year-old son, who became King Sancho II.

180 years ago
1833

Theatre

Edmund Kean, regarded in his time as the greatest actor ever, was playing Othello at Covent Garden, with his son Charles as Iago. At the words "Villain, be sure," in scene 3 of act iii, he suddenly broke down, and crying in a faltering voice, "O God, I am dying. Speak to them, Charles," fell insensible into his son’s arms. It turned out to be Edmund Kean's last performance; he died on May 15 at the age of 44.

110 years ago
1903


Diplomacy
The Anglo-American Convention defined the Alaska-Canada border as it is today. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to send in troops if the boundary was not fixed in the way desired by the U.S.A. Canada wasn't involved in the talks because the government of the United Kingdom had jurisdiction over such matters. Canada ended up with no seaports in northern British Columbia or the Yukon Territory, and the resulting anti-British sentiment in Canada led to the creation of the Department of External Affairs in 1909.

80 years ago
1933


Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Semi-Finals
Toronto 1 @ Boston 2 (OT) (Boston led best-of-five series 1-0)

Marty Barry scored at 14:14 of overtime to give the Bruins their win over the Maple Leafs at Boston Garden. Tiny Thompson won the goaltending duel over Lorne Chabot.

75 years ago
1938

Music

The Ink Spots recorded the song That Cat is High.

70 years ago
1943


Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Semi-Finals
Boston 3 @ Montreal 2 (OT)

Busher Jackson scored 3:20 into overtime to give the Bruins the win over the Canadiens at the Montreal Forum.

60 years ago
1953


On the radio
I Was a Communist for the FBI, starring Dana Andrews
Tonight’s episode: Trial by Fear

50 years ago
1963


Died on this date
Davey Moore, 29
. U.S. boxer. Mr. Moore compiled a record of 59-7-1-1 in a professional career that began in 1953. He knocked out Hogan "Kid" Bassey to win the world featherweight title on March 18, 1959, and held it until he suffered a technical knockout by Sugar Ramos on March 21, 1963. Mr. Moore was knocked down in the 10th round, and suffered an injury to his brain stem when the back of his neck hit the bottom rope. He got up and finished the round, but took a beating in the final seconds of the round, and referee George Latka stopped the fight while Mr. Moore was on his stool between rounds. Mr. Moore was able to give an interview for television immediately after the fight, and joked with reporters in the dressing room, but lapsed into a coma after they left, and never regained consciousness.

40 years ago
1973


Died on this date
Edward Steichen, 93
. Luxembourg-born U.S. painter and photographer. Mr. Steichen moved to New York with his family as an infant. He was a skilled drawer, lithographer, and painter, but became one of the most famous photographers of the 20th century, often in partnership with Alfred Stieglitz. His photograph The Pond--Moonlight (1904), in which he applied layers of light-sensitive gums to simulate colour, sold at auction in 2006 for a record $2.9 million. Mr. Steichen directed the Academy Award-winning documentary The Fighting Lady (1944), and created the travelling museum exhibit The Family of Man (1955). He died two days before his 94th birthday.

30 years ago
1983


Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): Twisting by the Pool--Dire Straits (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): 99 Luftballons--Nena

At the movies
The Outsiders, a film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and based on S.E. Hinton’s novel about troubled teenagers in Oklahoma in the 1960s, opened in theatres . It’s a rather strange movie; Mr. Coppola directed it as though he were making a Douglas Sirk 1950s melodrama, but that approach didn’t fit the setting. The most remarkable feature of the movie is the young cast, which included Matt Dillon; Ralph Macchio; Patrick Swayze; Rob Lowe; Emilio Estevez; and Leif Garrett. Those who saw the film in the spring of 1983 forecast a great career for C. Thomas Howell, who played Ponyboy, the central character. Few would have predicted (in fact, I don’t know if anybody did predict) that the cast member with the most successful career would turn out to be Tom Cruise, whose part in The Outsiders was so small as to be almost invisible. A few months after this movie came out, Mr. Cruise hit it big with Risky Business, and he’s been a big star ever since. C. Thomas Howell’s career, on the other hand, quickly tanked. He made a few forgettable (and forgotten) movies, and was best-known for marrying Rae-Dawn Chong. The Outsiders remains Mr. Howell’s most (only?) memorable movie--a fate that would have amazed moviegoers and critics in the spring of 1983.

Died on this date
Bob Waterfield, 62
. U.S. football player. Mr. Waterfield was a quarterback with the University of California at Los Angeles Bruins before joining the U.S. Army in World War II. He was drafted by the Cleveland Rams in 1944 and joined them in 1945, leading them to the NFL championship, and winning the Joe F. Carr Trophy--by unanimous vote--as the league's Most Valuable Player. The Rams moved to Los Angeles in 1946, and Mr. Waterfield played with them through 1952, starring as a kicker and punter, and sharing quarterbacking duties with Norm Van Brocklin in his last four seasons. The Rams were West Division champions in 1949 and 1950, and won the NFL championship in 1951. Mr. Waterfield was known for his ability to throw the deep ball, and finished his career with 97 touchdown passes. He also kicked 315 extra points and 60 field goals, while punting for a 42.6-yard average and making 20 interceptions. Mr. Waterfield married actress Jane Russell in 1943, and he became a movie producer after his football career ended; the couple were divorced in 1968. Mr. Waterfield was named head coach of the Rams in 1960, but resigned after 8 games of the 1962 season after compiling a record of just 9-24-1. He was inducted into the Professional Football Hall of Fame in 1965.

War
Nicaragua claimed that it had driven back an intrusion into her territory by Honduran troops. Honduras denied any incursion, but rebel leaders in Tegucigalpa claimed to have 10,000 guerrillas inside Nicaragua who controlled rural areas in seven provinces.

Economics and finance
The French government of Premier Pierre Mauroy unveiled a package of austerity measures, including tax increases, aimed at eliminating the country's trade deficit.

The U.S. administration of President Ronald Reagan revised its economic forecast upward and predicted faster growth and less inflation and unemployment.

The United States Senate passed a compromise and bipartisan bill to rescue the Social Security System from bankruptcy, hoping that the provision would keep the system solvent for at least 75 years. The House of Representatives had passed the bill the day before.

25 years ago
1988


Hit parade
#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): Tell it to My Heart--Taylor Dayne (4th week at #1)

Crime
A sensational murder trial ended in New York City when the defendant, Robert Chambers, Jr., admitted that he had caused the death of his victim, Jennifer Levin. Miss Levin, 18, had been found strangled in Central Park in 1986 and Mr. Chambers, then 19, had been charged with second-degree murder. The two had left a bar at 4:30 A.M. and gone to the park. Mr. Chambers told police that he had killed Miss Levin unintentionally during a session of "rough sex" in which she had tied his hands with her panties and hurt him. He said that he had responded in a frenzy and had strangled her accidentally. During the ninth day of jury deliberations, Mr. Chambers pled guilty to first-degree manslaughter, admitting that he had intended to injure Miss Levin. Under the plea bargain, Mr. Chambers would have to serve at least five years in prison. Don’t you just love plea bargaining? It makes things easier for the legal profession, but it’s hard to see how it helps the cause of justice.

20 years ago
1993


Hit parade
#1 single in Finland (Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland): What is Love--Haddaway (2nd week at #1)

Politics and government
The leader of Bosnian Muslims agreed to a map dividing Bosnia and Herzegovina into 10 autonomous provinces.

10 years ago
2003


War
A sandstorm impeded the progress of U.S. 3rd Infantry soldiers in Iraq as they were moving toward Baghdad. The 7th Cavalry reportedly killed Iraqis near Najaf, another city leading to Baghdad. British forces claimed to have captured the Gulf port city of Umm Qasr, but nearby Basra had not fallen. Its one million residents were reported to be in desperate need of water.

Scandal
The United States Air Force announced that it was replacing the four top officers at the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs as a result of allegations by more than 50 female cadets and former cadets that they had been raped or sexually assaulted during the past decade. The women claimed the academy had failed to protect them and had infact investigated those who were filikng complaints. An investigation into the charges was continuing.

Economics and finance
The United States Senate voted 51-48 in favour of a bill that reduced President George W. Bush's proposal for $726 billion in tax cuts to $350 billion. The reduction in tax cuts resulted partly from concerns over the cost of the war in Iraq. The day before, the Bush administration had said it would ask Congress for $74.7 billion to pay for the war, and seek additional funds for foreign aid and domestic security.

Environment
The Canadian government of Prime Minister Jean Chretien pledged to establish 10 new national parks over the next five years, at a cost of $220 million.

March 24, 2013

410 years ago
1603


Died on this date
Elizabeth I, 69
. Queen of England and Ireland, 1558-1603. Queen Elizabeth, the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, was the last monarch of the House of Tudor. She succeeded to the throne upon the death of her half-sister Mary I. The "Virgin Queen," the last of Henry VIII's descendants, had no children, and never named a successor.

Britannica
King James VI of Scotland, the great-grandson of Margaret Tudor, oldest sister of King Henry VIII, was proclaimed King James I of England and Ireland. The smoothness of the succession resulted in large part from secret correspondence between James and Sir Robert Cecil, England's Secretary of State.

Japanica
Tokugawa Ieyasu was granted the title of shogun from Emperor Go-Yozei, and established the Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo.

350 years ago
1663


Americana
The Province of Carolina was granted by charter to eight Lords Proprietor in reward for their assistance in restoring King Charles II to the English throne.

75 years ago
1938


Hockey
Stanley Cup
Semi-Finals
Boston 0 @ Toronto 1 (2OT)

George Parsons scored at 1:31 of the 2nd overtime period to give the Maple Leafs the win over the Bruins at Maple Leaf Gardens.

60 years ago
1953


On television tonight
Suspense, on CBS
Tonight's episode: Portrait of Constance, starring Ann Rutherford, Hugh Reilly, and Murvyn Vye



Died on this date
Mary of Teck, Queen Consort to George V of the United Kingdom, 85
. Queen Mary was the mother of Kings Edward VIII and George VI, and the grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II.

50 years ago
1963


Disasters
Ralph Flores, 41, and Helen Klaben, 21, were found alive in northeastern British Columbia, 49 days after the small plane, piloted by Mr. Flores with Miss Klaben as a passenger, had crashed while on a flight from Fairbanks, Alaska to Fort St. John, B.C.

40 years ago
1973


Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K.: Cum on Feel the Noize--Slade (4th week at #1)

Australia's Top 10 (Go-Set)
1 You're So Vain--Carly Simon (3rd week at #1)
2 I'd Love You to Want Me--Lobo
3 Crocodile Rock--Elton John
4 Separate Ways--Elvis Presley
5 I Am Woman--Helen Reddy
6 Dueling Banjos--Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandell
7 Dreams are Ten a Penny--Kincade
8 Your Mama Don't Dance--The Bootleg Family
9 I've Got to Have You--Carly Simon
10 Nights in White Satin--The Moody Blues

Singles entering the chart were Killing Me Softly with His Song by Roberta Flack (#14); Jambalaya (On the Bayou) by the Blue Ridge Rangers (#26); Wedding Song by Petula Clark (#30); Ventura Highway by America (#31); The Cover of "Rolling Stone" by Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show (#32); Do You Want to Dance by Bette Midler (#34); I Wanna Be with You by Raspberries (#38) and Space Oddity by David Bowie (#40).

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): Love Train--O'Jays

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Killing Me Softly with His Song--Roberta Flack (3rd week at #1)
2 Love Train--O'Jays
3 Last Song--Edward Bear
4 Also Sprach Zarathustra (2001)--Deodato
5 The Cover of "Rolling Stone"--Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show
6 Dueling Banjos--Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandell
7 Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)--Gladys Knight and the Pips
8 I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock and Roll Band)--The Moody Blues
9 Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)--Four Tops
10 Danny's Song--Anne Murray

Singles entering the chart were Thinking of You by Loggins and Messina (#82); I Knew Jesus (Before He was a Star) by Glen Campbell (#85); The Right Thing to Do by Carly Simon (#89); Always by Luther Ingram (#93); Delta Queen by Don Fardon (#97); Nobody Wins by Brenda Lee (#99); and Leaving Me by the Independents (#100).

Canada's Top 10 (RPM)
1 Danny's Song--Anne Murray (2nd week at #1)
2 Dueling Banjos--Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandell
3 Killing Me Softly with His Song--Roberta Flack
4 The Cover of "Rolling Stone"--Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show
5 Dancing in the Moonlight--King Harvest
6 Also Sprach Zarathustra (2001)--Deodato
7 Do it Again--Steely Dan
8 Crocodile Rock--Elton John
9 Oh Babe, What Would You Say--Hurricane Smith
10 I Just Want to Make Music--Tobias

Singles entering the chart were Let's Pretend by Raspberries (#78); Stuck in the Middle with You by Stealers Wheel (#86); Blue Suede Shoes by Johnny Rivers (#97); Cherry Cherry (Live) by Neil Diamond (#99); and I'm a Stranger Here by Five Man Electrical Band (#100).

Calgary’s Top 10
1 Killing Me Softly with His Song--Roberta Flack (4th week at #1)
2 Dueling Banjos--Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandell
3 Do You Want to Dance--Bette Midler
4 Little Willy--The Sweet
5 You Don't Know What Love Is--Susan Jacks
6 Daddy's Home--Jermaine Jackson
7 The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia--Vicki Lawrence
8 Big City Miss Ruth Ann--Gallery
9 Dancing in the Moonlight--King Harvest
10 Oh My Lady--Stampeders
Pick hit of the week: Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree--Dawn featuring Tony Orlando

Track and field
Kip Keino of Kenya defeated Jim Ryun at the first-ever professional track meet in Los Angeles.

Curling
Sweden, skipped by Kjell Oscarius, defeated Harvey Mazinke's Canadian rink 6-5 to win the Air Canada Silver Broom, the world men's championship at Regina Exhibition Stadium. The loss was particularly painful for the fans, since Mr. Mazinke's rink hailed from the Regina Curling Club, had gone undefeated through the round-robin and semi-final, and he had a chance to win the game with his final stone. Mr. Oscarius' rink was the first to win the world championship using push brooms, and the Swedish win helped to popularize that kind of broom, which eventually replaced the corn broom. For Canada, which went into the game having won five straight Silver Brooms, it was the beginning of a seven-year drought, which didn't end until Rick Folk of Saskatchewan won in 1980. France, skipped by Pierre Boan, won the bronze medal, the only medal France has ever won in the competition.

30 years ago
1983


Died on this date
Carry Back, 25. U.S. race horse. Carry Back won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes in 1961 (with John Sellers aboard), and was the leading money-winning horse that year ($565,349 U.S.). In 61 races he recorded 21 wins, 11 places, and 11 shows, with lifetime winnings of $1,241,165.

World events
Speaking to the United Nations Security Council, Victor Hugo Tinoco, deputy foreign minister of Nicaragua, charged that rebel troops invading Nicaragua from Honduras had been created by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Jeane Kirkpatrick, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., denied the allegation, and claimed that the fighting was the result of a spontaneous revolt against the Nicaraguan government.

Defense
The Soviet press agency TASS charged that the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative, announced by President Ronald Reagan the night before, announced that the antiballistic missile system would violate the terms of the 1972 SALT treaty. The Democrats, responding to the President’s address, rejected his claim that the United States was weaker than Russia.

25 years ago
1988


Hit parade
#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): Always on My Mind--Pet Shop Boys (6th week at #1)

#1 single in Finland (Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland): I Should Be So Lucky--Kylie Minogue

Personal
This blogger found out that he was a winner of one of the second prizes in the Canadian Football League's contest to guess who would be chosen on the 1987 All-Canadian All-Star team. My prize was a copy of Canadian artist Ken Danby's print The Grey Cup, which Mr. Danby had done for the 75th Grey Cup observance in 1987. 495 copies of the print were made. The first prize was a trip to the 1988 Grey Cup in Ottawa.

World events
After a 7-month secret trial, Mordechai Vanunu, an employee at a bomb-making factory in Israel, was convicted of espionage, transmission of information, and aiding the nation’s enemies. For an undisclosed 6-figure sum, Mr. Vanunu had disclosed secrets of Israel’s atomic weapons program to the Sunday Times of London. Independent observers said that Mr. Vanunu’s revelations showed that Israel had a greater nuclear capability than western observers had assumed, and that Israel could build up to 200 bombs, as well as neutron and hydrogen weapons.

20 years ago
1993


Hit parade
#1 single in Sweden (Topplistan): No Limit--2 Unlimited (5th week at #1)

On television tonight
The Wonder Years, on ABC
Tonight's episode: Poker

Died on this date
Albert Arlen, 88
. Australian composer. Mr. Arlen was best known for his musical The Sentimental Bloke (1961) and Alamein Concerto (1944).

John Hersey, 78. U.S. author. Mr. Hersey won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel A Bell for Adano (1944) and was widely praised for his lengthy essay Hiroshima, which first appeared in the August 31, 1946 issue of The New Yorker.

Space
Astronomers Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker and David Levy, working at the Palomar Observatory in California, discovered Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which was captured by, and orbiting Jupiter.

Defense
South African President F.W. de Klerk revealed that South Africa had built six crude atomic bombs and was working on a seventh when the decision was made to scrap the program in 1989 and destroy the arsenal.

10 years ago
2003


Diplomacy
The Arab League votes 21-1 in favor of a resolution demanding the immediate and unconditional removal of U.S. and British soldiers from Iraq.

War
U.S. Army 3rd Infantry troops in Iraq reached within 50 miles of Baghdad. Iraqi forces shot down an Apache helicopter and captured two U.S. pilots, who were shown on Iraqi television. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein appeared on television--whether live or on tape was uncertain--and appealed to his countrymen to hold firm against the invading coalition.

An American bomb hit a bus heading out of Iraq, killing 5 and wounding 10. Most of the casualties were Syrian civilians.

Saturday, 23 March 2013

March 23, 2013

230 years ago
1783


Died on this date
Charles Carroll, 60
. U.S. lawyer and politician . Mr. Carroll was a delegate to the U.S. Continental Congress from Maryland in 1776 and 1777 and served in the Maryland State Senate from 1777 until his death, which occurred the day after his 60th birthday.

175 years ago
1838


Politics and government
George Arthur arrived in Toronto to succeed Sir Francis Bond Head as Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada.

125 years ago
1888


Soccer
In England, 10 clubs gathered to found the Football League, the world's oldest professional Association Football league.

120 years ago
1893


Canadiana
The Canadian Club met for the first time, in Hamilton.

100 years ago
1913


Disasters
Heavy rains that had begun two days earlier in Dayton, Ohio grew into the Great Dayton Flood.

19 tornadoes struck the Great Plains, Midwest, and southern United States on March 21 and 23, killing at least 241 people. Omaha, Nebraska and vicinity, with 103 people killed--94 in Omaha--and over 400 injured, experienced the greatest number of casualties.

80 years ago
1933


Law
The German Reichstag passed Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich (Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the State), popularly known as the Enabling Act, handing over its legislative powers, including the approval of treaties with foreign nations and the initiation of constitutional amendments, to Adolf Hitler's cabinet for four years. According to William L. Shirer in The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960), "...the act stipulated that the laws enacted by the cabinet were to be drafted by the Chancellor and "might deviate from the constitution." No laws were to "affect the position of the Reichstag"--surely the cruelest joke of all--and the powers of the President remained "undisturbed."" Under the act's terms, Mr. Hitler and the Nazis could ignore the civil liberties provisions in the German constitution and issue decrees without having them passed by parliament. Only the Social Democratic delegates voted against the act, the Communists having been imprisoned. Centrist and moderate rightist parties voted in favour of the act as a "lesser of evils." Some people may notice a similarity between the Enabling Act and the Patriot Act in the United States--a terrorist act of dubious origin leads to legislative approval for dictatorial powers for the executive branch of government, and the abolition of civil liberties.

70 years ago
1943


Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Semi-Finals
Toronto 3 @ Detroit 2 (4OT)

Jack McLean scored at 10:18 of the 4th overtime period to give the Maple Leafs the win over the Red Wings at Olympia Stadium.

50 years ago
1963


Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): Hey Paula--Paul and Paula (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in France: Tous les Garçons et les Filles--Françoise Hardy (10th week at #1)

#1 single in Italy (FIMI): Come te non c'è nessuno--Rita Pavone (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): Junge, komm bald wieder--Freddy Quinn (12th week at #1)

#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): Summer Holiday--Cliff Richard and the Shadows (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): Our Day Will Come--Ruby and the Romantics

U.S. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Our Day Will Come--Ruby and the Romantics
2 The End of the World--Skeeter Davis
3 Walk Like a Man--The 4 Seasons
4 He's So Fine--The Chiffons
5 Rhythm of the Rain--The Cascades
6 Blame it on the Bossa Nova--Eydie Gorme
7 You're the Reason I'm Living--Bobby Darin
8 Ruby Baby--Dion
9 South Street--The Orlons
10 One Broken Heart for Sale--Elvis Presley

Singles entering the chart were Days of Wine and Roses by Andy Williams (#33, charting with the version by Henry Mancini and his Orchestra); Marching Thru Madrid by Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass (#90); Preacherman by Charlie Russo (#95); Funny Man by Ray Stevens (#97); Little Band of Gold by James Gilreath (#98); Don't Let Me Cross Over by Carl Butler (#99); Back at the Chicken Shack (Part 1) by Jimmy Smith (#100); Hello Wall No. 2 by Ben Colder (also #100); and If You Wanna Be Happy by Jimmy Soul (also #100). Ansdy Williams' version of Days of Wine and Roses was the B-side of Can't Get Used to Losing You, charting at #28.

Died on this date
Davey Moore, 29
. U.S. boxer. Mr. Moore won the world featherweight title with a 15-round unanimous decision over Kazuo Takayama in Tokyo on August 29, 1960. He held the title until March 21, 1963, when he was knocked out by Sugar Ramos at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. Mr. Moore hit the back of his neck on the bottom rope when he was knocked down in the 10th round, suffering damage to his brain stem. He was able to get to his feet and take a standing eignt-count, but referee George Latka stopped the fight after the round. Mr. Moore gave an interview for television immediately after the fight, but lapsed into a coma in the dressing room, from which he never emerged. In a 10-year professional career from 1953-1963, Mr. Moore won 59 fights, with 7 losses, 1 draw, and 1 no contest. He was not related to the Davey Moore who held the World Boxing Association world light middleweight title from 1982-1983, and who died in a freak accident on June 1, 1988 at the age of 28.

40 years ago
1973


Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand: Block Buster--The Sweet

#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): Mama Loo--Les Humphries Singers (2nd week at #1)

Scandal
Defendants in the June 17, 1972 break-in at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. were sentenced by Judge john Sirica, two months after being convicted of various charges. G. Gordon Liddy was given a sentence of not less than 6 years and 8 months in prison and not more than 20 years; five others were sentenced to "provisional" maximum terms of 40 years, while E. Howard Hunt's term was fixed at 35 years. One of the Watergate "plumbers," James McCord, wrote a letter to the court saying that he and others had been under "political pressure" to plead guilty and remain silent, and that others were involved who had escaped indictment and could have been named at the January trial. Mr. McCord asked for a private meeting with Judge Sirica to discuss the case. In light of the letter, Mr. McCord's sentence was postponed.

30 years ago
1983


Died on this date
Barney Clark, 62
. U.S. medical patient. A Utah dentist, Dr. Clark died 112 days after receiving the world’s first artificial heart at the University of Utah Medical Center in Salt Lake City. Dr. Clark had been critically ill with a degenerative heart disorder at the time of the implantation, but had made a significant recovery. The artificial heart worked well until the end; death was attributed to "vascular collapse, resulting from a multitude of causes." The heart was shut off only after doctors determined that Dr. Clark was "essentially dead".

Defense
U.S. President Ronald Reagan, in an address to the American people, called for development of a new antiballistic missile system that would destroy Soviet missiles before they could hit U.S. targets. The new system would employ a great deal of new technology--much of it still on the drawing boards--possibly including lasers, microwave devices, particle beams, and projectile beams. Mr. Reagan’s proposal marked a shift in U.S. strategy, which had previously relied on the threat of massive nuclear retaliation to deter an attack. The program, titled Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was quickly mischaracterized by the ignorant and anti-Reagan media as "Star Wars". Most of Mr. Reagan’s address had been devoted to an appeal for his proposed increases in defense spending, and he used declassified intelligence photographs to support his claims that the Soviets were "spreading their military influence in ways that can directly challenge our vital interests..."

The defense ministers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) said that U.S. intermediate-range missiles would be deployed as scheduled in December unless the U.S. and U.S.S.R. reached an accord in the Geneva disarmament talks.

At a meeting of the United Nations Security Council, Victor Hugo Tinoco, deputy foreign minister of Nicaragua, claimed that 2,000 rebels backed by the United States had invaded Nicaragua from Honduras, and that the Honduran army was massing near the border.

Economics and finance
The United States House of Representatives voted 229-196 in favour of the budget proposed by the Democrats, which would result in a deficit of $174 billion and would increase domestic spending and revenues and reduce defense spending.

French President Francois Mitterand addressed the nation and promised to bring down inflation.

25 years ago
1988


Hit parade
#1 single in Sweden (Topplistan): Allt som jag känner--Tone Norum and Tommy Nilsson (6th week at #1)

Weather
It was such a beautiful day in London, Ontario that this blogger was able to wear shorts outside for the first time in 1988.

World events
The Presidium (ruling council) of the Soviet parliament rejected demands from Armenians in the Armenian Republic and Armenians in Azerbaijan for reunification, saying in a resolution that it would be intolerable for groups to pressure authorities to redraw political boundaries.

Diplomacy
After three days of talks in the southern Nicaraguan town of Sapoa, representatives of the Sandanista government of Nicaragua and the anticommunist Contras announced a 60-day ceasefire. Defense Minister Humberto Ortega signed for the government, and Contra leader Adolfo Calero signed for his side. The Contras were to assemble in special zones but would be allowed to keep their weapons. The Sandanistas agreed to free 3,300 prisoners convicted of violating Nicaraguan security laws or of affiliating with the regime of the late dictator Gen. Anastasio Somoza. The parties agreed to resume negotiations.

War
Western journalists, brought to the Iraqi town of Halabja by Iran to view the bodies of those killed in an Iraqi attack on March 16, concluded their three-day visit. The U.S. State Department denounced the attack as a "particularly grave violation" of the Geneva convention on chemical warfare.

Economics and finance
The United States House of Representatives voted 319-102 in favour of a budget for 1989--to take effect on October 1, 1988--of $1.2 trillion. More spending was projected for fighting AIDS and drug abuse, for education, and for space exploration, with only slight spending increases for military and non-military spending.

The United States Labor Department reported that consumer prices had risen 0.2% in February. The Commerce Department reported that the gross national product had risen a revised 4.8% in the fourth quarter of 1987 and that the growth for the entire year, as revised, was 4.0%.

20 years ago
1993


Diplomacy
Pamela Harriman, 73, widow of former diplomat Averell Harriman, was named U.S. envoy to France.

Scandal
U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno demanded the resignations of all U.S. federal prosecutors. The U.S. attorney in the District of Columbia suggested that the order was linked to his investigation of Democratic Congressman Dan Rostenkowski, an ally of President Bill Clinton.

Medicine
An international team of researchers announced the discovery of the gene behind Huntington's disease, a hereditary neurodegenerative brain disease that eventually proves fatal.

10 years ago
2003


Movies
The Academy Awards for 2002 were presented. Chicago was named Best Picture. Other awards included: Best Director--Roman Polanski, The Pianist; Best Actor--Adrien Brody, The Pianist; Best Actress--Nicole Kidman, The Hours; Best Supporting Actor--Chris Cooper, Adaptation; Best Supporting Actress--Catherine Zeta-Jones, Chicago; Best Foreign Language Film--Nowhere in Africa; Best Documentary Feature--Bowling for Columbine; Best Original Song--Lose Yourself, 8 Mile.

War
A U.S. supply vehicle made a wrong turn in the Iraqi city of Nasiriyah. 11 Americans were killed, while 7, including Pfc. Jessica Lynch, were captured.

A U.S. soldier was arrested after he allegedly threw grenades into three U.S. officers' tents in Kuwait; 14 soldiers were wounded, 2 fatally.

24 Hindu Brahmins were executed in an attack in Nandimarg, Kashmir. India blamed the attack on Pakistani militants.

Friday, 22 March 2013

March 22, 2013

1,775 years ago
238


World events
Gordian I and his son Gordian II were proclaimed Roman Emperors.

375 years ago
1638


Religion
Anne Hutchinson was expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony and excommunicated from the Boston church for religious dissent, even after she had read a recantation of her alleged heresies during her church trial. With her children and some followers, Mrs. Hutchinson walked for six days until reaching Providence, Rhode Island.

290 years ago
1723


Business
The Compagnie des Indes (French West India Company) was awarded a tobacco monopoly in New France.

140 years ago
1873


Law
A law was approved by the Spanish National Assembly in Puerto Rico to abolish slavery.

100 years ago
1913


Born on this date
James Westerfield. U.S. actor and director. Mr. Westerfield was a character actor who played small roles on stage, screen, and television. He directed more than 50 musicals from a tent he owned in Danbury, Connecticut, and directed three seasons of Theatre Under the Stars in Vancouver, British Columbia. Mr. Westerfield died of a heart attack on September 20, 1971 at the age of 58.

Tom McCall. U.S. journalist and politician. Mr. McCall was a newspaper and television journalist in Portland, Oregon before entering politics. A Republican, he served as Governor of Oregon from 1967-1975. Mr. McCall died on January 8, 1983 at the age of 69.

Died on this date
Sung Chiao-jen, 30
. Chinese politician. Sung,leader of the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), died two days after being shot by lone gunman Ying Kuicheng at a train station in Shanghai while travelling with friends to the Chinese parliament in Peking. Kuomintang had achieved great success in recent parliamentary elections, and Sung would have been in a prominent position in the government. The trail of evidence led to the assassination being a conspiracy led by the secretary of the cabinet and provisional premier of the government, Zhao Bingjun. Although government leader Yuan Shikai ws believed to be the mastermind, he was never charged. Other accused conspirators disappeared or were assassinated.

80 years ago
1933


On the radio
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, starring Richard Gordon and Leigh Lovell, on NBC
Tonight's episode: Mr. Pattle's Secret Profession

75 years ago
1938


Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Quarter-finals
New York Americans 2 New York Rangers 1 (2OT) (Americans led best-of-three series 1-0)

Johnny Sorrell scored the winning goal at 1:25 of the 2nd overtime period at Madison Square Garden.

70 years ago
1943


Abominations
The entire population of Khatyn, Belarus was burnt alive by German occupation forces.

50 years ago
1963


Hit parade
#1 single in Ireland (IRMA): From a Jack to a King--Ned Miller (3rd week at #1)

Edmonton's Top 10 (CJCA)
1 He's So Fine--The Chiffons
2 Rhythm of the Rain--The Cascades
3 One Broken Heart for Sale--Elvis Presley
4 Can't Get Used to Losing You--Andy Williams
5 Hey Paula--Paul and Paula
6 Still--Bill Anderson
7 Mecca--Gene Pitney
8 Pipeline--Chantays
9 Sympathy--Wanda Jackson
10 Let's Turkey Trot--Little Eva

On television tonight
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, on CBS
Tonight's episode: The Long Silence, starring Michael Rennie and Phyllis Thaxter

Music
The Beatles' first album, Please Please Me, was released in the United Kingdom on the Parlophone label.



Scandal
U.K. Secretary of State for War John Profumo denied having an affair with model Christine Keeler, who had been having an affair with Evgeny Ivanov, a naval attaché at the Soviet embassy in London at the time she and Mr. Profumo had first met in 1961.

40 years ago
1973


Hit parade
#1 single in Ireland (IRMA): Cum on Feel the Noize--Slade (2nd week at #1)

Disasters
The Norwegian freighter Norse Variant, carrying a crew of 30, sank 150 miles off Cape May, New Jersey, with only one seaman surviving.

30 years ago
1983


Hit parade
#1 single in Sweden (Topplistan): Young Guns (Go for It)--Wham!

Died on this date
Blanton Collier, 76
. U.S. football coach. Mr. Collier was head coach of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League from 1963-1970, and led the Browns to the NFL championship in 1964. Mr. Collier began his professional coaching career as an assistant under Paul Brown when the Browns began play in the All-America Football Conference in 1946. The Browns won the AAFC championship in all four years of the league’s existence, then moved into the NFL, where they won the title in 1950, and made it to the championship game in each of the next three seasons. Mr. Collier left the Browns after the 1953 season to become head coach at the University of Kentucky; in eight seasons (1954-1961) he produced a record of 41 wins, 36 losses, and 3 ties, but was fired in January 1962. No Kentucky head coach since Mr. Collier has left the school with a winning record. Paul Brown welcomed Mr. Collier back as an assistant with the Browns in 1962; when Mr. Brown was fired after posting a 7-6-1 record that season, Mr. Collier was chosen as his replacement by owner Art Modell, but wouldn’t accept the job until he had first discussed it with Mr. Brown. Mr. Collier allowed his players, such as quarterback Frank Ryan, more input into play selection, and the results paid off with a string of winning records. Running back Jim Brown, who had failed to win the NFL rushing title in 1962 for the first time in his 6-year career, came back in 1963 with a then-record 1,863 yards. The Browns improved to 10-4 that year, and posted a 10-3-1 record in 1964, capping the season with a 27-0 win at home over the heavily-favoured Baltimore Colts in the championship game. From 1965-1969 the Browns never won fewer than 9 games in each season (they played 14-game seasons then), but always fell just short of the title. They played in the NFL championship games in 1965, 1968, and 1969. In 1970 the Browns dropped to 7-7, and missed the playoffs; Mr. Collier had been growing increasingly deaf, and he decided after that season that the hearing loss was making it too difficult for him to continue coaching. Mr. Collier managed one achievement in 1970 that served as a footnote in the history books: He became the winning coach in the first game ever played on Monday Night Football when the Browns defeated the New York Jets in their season opener on September 21. Mr. Collier retired with a professional head coaching record of 76-34-2. He continued with the Browns organization as a college scout. According to one of his players, defensive end Paul Wiggin, "We had the greatest teacher in football in Blanton Collier. He was a gentleman, he was a great coach...There were no flaws. He could have run for president. If someone put together a committee to find holes in his life, they wouldn’t have found any. He was a good human being." In the words of Browns’ owner Art Modell, "God never created a finer human being than Blanton Collier."

Politics and government
French Premier Pierre Mauroy, a Socialist, offered to resign in the wake of gains by right-of-centre parties in recent municipal elections, but President Francois Mitterand reappointed him. Mr. Mauroy was able to assemble a centrist government with 12 Socialist cabinet ministers and 2 Communists.

Economics and finance
The West German centre-right coalition government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl announced a program that included subsidies for investment to reduce unemployment and a reduction in social spending.

25 years ago
1988


On television tonight
The Wonder Years, on ABC
Tonight's episode: Swingers

20 years ago
1993


Died on this date
Steve Olin, 27. U.S. baseball pitcher. Mr. Olin, a member of the Cleveland Indians since 1989, was in a boat with fellow pitchers Tim Crews and Bob Ojeda on Little Lake Nellie in Clermont, Florida during spring training, when Mr. Crews, whose blood alcohol level was .14, drove the boat into an unlighted dock. Mr. Crews died a few hours later, early the next day, and Mr. Ojeda was seriously injured. In 4 seasons with the Indians, Mr. Olin appeared in 195 games, all but 1 in relief. He won 16 games and lost 19, with 48 saves and a 3.10 earned run average. His last season was his best, as he recorded 8 wins and 5 losses with 29 saves in 72 games.

Technology
The Intel Corporation shipped the first Pentium computer chips (80586), featuring a 60 MHz clock speed, 100+ million instructions per second (MIPS), and a 64 bit data path.

10 years ago
2003


Died on this date
Terry Lloyd, 50
. U.K. journalist. Mr. Lloyd was covering the Iraq War for the British network Independent Television News as an independent (not "embedded") reporter when he, two cameramen, and his Lebanese interpreter, Hussein Osman, were caught in a crossfire between U.S. and Iraqi forces during fighting near the Shatt Al Basra Bridge in Basra. Messrs. Lloyd and Osman were killed, and their bodies were later recovered. Frédéric Nérac, the French cameraman, is still officially listed as missing, presumed dead. Belgian cameraman Daniel Demoustier survived. A British coroner's inquest in 2006 returned a verdict of unlawful killing by U.S. forces. The U.K. Crown Prosecution Service declined to pursue charges against the U.S. Marines involved in the attack on the basis of "insufficient evidence," which most likely means they caved in to U.S. pressure.

War
Six British soldiers and a U.S. serviceman died when two helicopters collided in Iraq.

Wednesday, 20 March 2013

March 21, 2013

Born on this date
Happy Birthday, Nadia Marchuk!

300 years ago
1713


Born on this date
Francis Lewis
. U.S. founding father. Mr. Lewis, a delegate from New York to the Continental Congress in 1775, signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Articles of Confederation in 1778. He died on December 30, 1803 at the age of 90.

225 years ago
1788


Disasters
The Great New Orleans Fire, that began at the home of Army Treasurer Don Vincente Jose Nunez at 1:30 P.M. on Good Friday, destroyed 856 of the city's 1,100 structures within five hours.

170 years ago
1843


Died on this date
Guadalupe Victoria, 56
. 1st President of Mexico, 1824-1829. Born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, Mr. Victoria was a military officer who fought in the Mexican War of Independence from the Spanish Empire. When Mexico became a federal republic in 1824, he served as interim President from October 10, 1824-March 31, 1825. His constitutional term as President began on April 1, 1825 and ran through March 31, 1829. Mr. Victoria was the only President in the first 30 years of the Mexican republic to serve a full term. He died of epilepsy.

150 years ago
1863


Died on this date
Edwin Vose Sumner, 66
. U.S. military officer. Mr. Sumner joined the United States Army in 1819, and served long enough to be a general in the Union Army in the U.S. Civil War, the oldest general on either side. He died of a heart attack at his daughter's home in Syracuse, New York between command assignments.

100 years ago
1913


Disasters
Torrential rains began falling in Dayton, Ohio; within two days, Great Dayton Flood had begun. Within five days, waters were 20 feet high in the downtown area. The flood resulted in the deaths of more than 360 people and the destruction of 20,000 homes, as well as most of downtown.

80 years ago
1933


Abominations
Construction of the Nazi concentration camp at Dachau was completed.

70 years ago
1943


Died on this date
Cornelia Fort, 24
. U.S. military pilot. Miss Fort was a civilian instructor pilot at Pearl Harbor, and witnessed the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. She returned to the mainland U.S. and joined the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS). Miss Fort was killed when another plane being ferried by a male pilot struck the left wing of the B-13 that she was ferrying 10 miles south of Merkel, Texas. Miss Fort was the first U.S. female military pilot to die in active duty.

World events
German Wehrmacht General Rudolf von Gersdorff planned to assassinate Adolf Hitler by using a suicide bomb, but the plan fell through. General Von Gersdorff was able to defuse the bomb in time and avoid suspicion.

Hockey
NHL
Stanley Cup
Semi-Finals
Montreal 4 @ Boston 5 (OT) (Boston led best-of-seven series 1-0)

Don Gallinger scored 12:30 into overtime to give the Bruins the win over the Canadiens at Boston Garden.

60 years ago
1953


Hit Parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): Lady of Spain--Eddie Fisher; Winifred Atwell (2nd week at #1)

#1 singles in the U.S.A. (Billboard): The Doggie in the Window--Patti Page (Best seller--1st week at #1); Till I Waltz Again with You--Teresa Brewer (Jukebox--6th week at #1; Disc Jockey--6th week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 The Doggie in the Window--Patti Page
2 Till I Waltz Again with You--Teresa Brewer
3 Tell Me You're Mine--The Gaylords
4 Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes--Perry Como
5 I Believe--Frankie Laine
6 Have You Heard--Joni James
7 Pretend--Nat "King" Cole
--Ralph Marterie and his Orchestra
--[Eileen Barton]
8 Wild Horses--Perry Como
9 Anywhere I Wander--Julius LaRosa
10 Side by Side--Kay Starr

Singles entering the chart were April in Portugal (The Whisp'ring Serenade) by Les Baxter and his Orchestra (#23, charting with the version by Freddy Martin and his Orchestra); Caravan by Ralph Marterie and his "Down Beat" Orchestra (#28); Hush-A-Bye by Bing Crosby with Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians (#29); and I'm Sitting on Top of the World by Les Paul and Mary Ford (#34).

50 years ago
1963


Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K. (Record Retailer): Summer Holiday--Cliff Richard and the Shadows (2nd week at #1)

On television tonight
Twilight Zone, hosted by Rod Serling, on CBS
Tonight's episode: I Dream of Genie, starring Howard Morris, Patricia Barry, and Jack Albertson

Space
The U.S.S.R. launched the satellite Cosmos 13.

Scandal
In the British House of Commons, Labour MPs George Wigg (Dudley), Richard Crossman (Coventry East), and Barbara Castle (Blackburn) began asking questions about a possible relationship between U.K. Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler, who was understood to have been having an affair with Captain Evgeny Ivanov, a naval attache at the Soviet embassy in London in 1961, when she and Mr. Profumo had first met. There was concern that secret information on nuclear weapons could have been passed on to Capt. Ivanov through Miss Keeler.

Americana
Alcatraz Prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay was closed. The prison was said to be escape-proof; although a few prisoners attempted to escape, none were believed to have survived very long in the rough waters.

Transportation
The British government revealed that the first automatic trains on the London underground could be ready to operate several weeks hence. The London Transport Board gave a public demonstration of the self-driving trains in South Ealing in west London.

Boxing
Sugar Ramos (39-1-3) scored a 10-round technical knockout of Davey Moore (59-7-1-1) to win the world featherweight title at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. Mr. Moore hit the back of his neck on the bottom rope when he was knocked down in the 10th round, suffering damage to his brain stem. He was able to get to his feet and take a standing eight-count, but referee George Latka stopped the fight after the round. Mr. Moore gave an interview for television immediately after the fight, and joked with reporters, but lapsed into a coma in the dressing room, and died two days later. On the same card, Luis Rodriguez (51-2) won the world welterweight title with a 15-round unanimous decision over defending champion Emile Griffith (35-4), and Roberto Cruz (25-8-2) knocked down Battling Torres (47-5) twice and out just 1:15 into the 1st round to win the vacant World Boxing Association world super lightweight title.





40 years ago
1973


Protest
The uprising of prisoners at West Virginia Penitentiary in Moundsville that had begun the previous day with the killing of an inmate, the wounding of two others, and five guards being held hostage, ended with the release of the hostages and promises from West Virginia Governor Arch Moore that the greater part of the prisoners' demands would be met. The demands included an investigation into the October 1972 slaying of a prison guard and more sharply defined prison rules and regulations.

Hockey
NHL
Vancouver 2 @ Montreal 3

Frank Mahovlich of the Canadiens became the fifth player to score 500 career NHL goals, scoring the winning goal against Ed Dyck as they edged the Canucks at the Montreal Forum on the Wednesday night CTV Hockey Night in Canada telecast.

30 years ago
1983


Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): Gloria--Laura Branigan (7th week at #1)

Environment
U.S. President Ronald Reagan named William Ruckelshaus, who had served as the first administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from 1970-1973, to return to that position. Mr. Ruckelshaus replaced Anne McGill Burford, who had resigned on March 9 amid criticism of the agency in Congress.

Scandal
A U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee heard testimony indicating that the Environmental Protection Agency's toxic waste cleanup program may have been manipulated to benefit Republican candidates in the 1982 Congressional elections. The subcommittee voted to cite Rita Lavelle, former head of the program, for contempt for her refusal to testify that day.

25 years ago
1988


Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Australian Music Report): I Should Be So Lucky--Kylie Minogue (2nd week at #1)

Died on this date
Edd Roush, 94
. U.S. baseball player. Mr. Roush played 18 years in the major leagues from 1913-1931, most of them (1916-1926, 1931) with the Cincinnati Reds. He led the National League in batting in 1917 (.341) and 1919 (.321), in doubles in 1923 (41) and triples in 1924 (21). Mr. Roush retired with a lifetime batting average of .323. After breaking into the major leagues with a brief stint with the Chicago White Sox in 1913, he spent two years in the Federal League with the Indianapolis Hoosiers (1914) and Newark Peppers (1915). Mr. Roush joined the New York Giants in 1916, joining the Reds later that season. He rejoined the Giants for three seasons from 1927-1929. Mr. Roush played all 8 games for the Reds in the 1919 World Series vs. the White Sox, batting just .214 as the Reds won 5 games to 3. Former teammate Heinie Groh described Mr. Roush as "far and away the best center fielder I ever saw." On June 8, 1920, Mr. Roush was ejected from a game for falling asleep in the outfield. Cincinnati manager Pat Moran got into an argument with the umpire, and the argument dragged on so long that Mr. Roush decided to have a nap. He was so difficult to wake up that he was ejected for delaying the game. Mr. Roush was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.

Protest
A general strike began in Panama, but it failed to bring down the presidency of General Manuel Noriega.

20 years ago
1993


Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand: I Will Always Love You--Whitney Houston (14th week at #1)

#1 single in Austria (Ö3): No Limit--2 Unlimited (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Switzerland: No Limit--2 Unlimited

#1 single in Ireland (IRMA): No Limit--2 Unlimited (4th week at #1)

Politics and government
In the first round of parliamentary elections in France, the Socialists share of the vote declined from 34.7% to 17.6%; the shift was expected to translate into a solid majority for a conservative alliance in the National Assembly. The second round of elections was scheduled for Mrch 28.

Hockey
CIAU Championship
Men's Final
Acadia 12 Toronto 1

10 years ago
2003


Died on this date
Umar Wirahadikusumah, 78
. Indonesian politician. Mr. Wirahadikusumah was the 4th Vice President of Indonesia, serving from 1983-1988.

War
In an aerial "shock and awe" bombardment, U.S. forces dropped 1,300 missiles and bombs on military targets in Baghdad after dark. U.S. forces also seized major oil fields near Basra.

Eight U.K. soldiers and four U.S. marines were killed in a helicopter crash in Kuwait.

Tuesday, 19 March 2013

March 20, 2013

Born on this date
Happy Birthday, Cliff Lander!

600 years ago
1413


Died on this date
Henry IV, 45
. King of England, 1399-1413. King Henry took the throne by deposing his cousin, Richard II. Henry IV was the first king from the Lancaster branch of the House of Plantagenet. After years of poor health, he died in the "Jerusalem" chamber of the house of the Abbot of Westminster during a convocation of Parliament. It had been predicted that King Henry would die in Jerusalem, a prophecy that was repeated by William Shakespeare's play Henry IV, Part 2 (1599).

130 years ago
1883


Diplomacy
Belgium, Brazil, France, Guatemala, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, El Salvador, Serbia, Spain and Switzerland signed the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.

125 years ago
1888


Born on this date
Amanda Clement
. U.S. baseball umpire. Miss Clement played various sports, and sometime during the period 1903-1905, became the first woman to be paid to umpire a game, when she substituted for an absent umpire in a semi-professional game in Hawarden, Iowa. She umpired regularly for six years and occasionally for many years thereafter, and may have been the first woman to referee a high school basketball game. Miss Clement worked at several occupations, and was a social worker in Sioux Falls, South Dakota for 25 years until her retirement in 1966. She died on July 20, 1971 at the age of 83.

Opera
Children of the Forests, the first Romani-language operetta, received its premiere performance in Moscow.

100 years ago
1913


World events
Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist party), was shot twice at close range by a lone gunman, Ying Kuicheng, at a Shanghai railway station while travelling with friends to the parliament in Peking. Sung had recently led Kuomintang to its first electoral victory.

90 years ago
1923


Art
The Arts Club of Chicago hosted the opening of Pablo Picasso's first United States showing, entitled Original Drawings by Pablo Picasso.

80 years ago
1933


Died on this date
Dan Burke, 64
. U.S. baseball player. Mr. Burke was a catcher, outfielder, and first baseman with the Rochester Broncos (1890); Syracuse Stars (1890); and Boston Beaneaters (1892), batting .175 with no home runs and 9 runs batted in in 42 games. He played in the minor leagues--mainly in the New England League--from 1886-1897.

Giuseppe Zangara, 32. U.S. assassin. Mr. Zangara, a native of Italy who had become a United States citizen in 1929, was executed in "Old Sparky," the electric chair at Florida State Prison in Raiford, Florida, for the February 15, 1933 shooting in Miami of Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak. Mr. Cermak had died of peritonitis on March 6. Five others had also been shot by Mr. Cermak, although U.S. President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, who may have been Mr. Zangara's target, was unharmed. Mr. Zangara spent only 10 days on death row.

Abominations
German Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler ordered the creation of Dachau Concentration Camp and appointed Theodor Eicke as the camp commandant.

70 years ago
1943


Hit parade
#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): I've Heard That Song Before--Harry James and his Music Makers with Helen Forrest (3rd week at #1)

60 years ago
1953


Hit parade
#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): She Wears Red Feathers--Guy Mitchell (2nd week at #1)

On television tonight
Tales of Tomorrow, on ABC
Tonight's episode: Read to Me, Herr Doktor, starring Mercedes McCambridge, Everett Sloane, and Ernest Graves



40 years ago
1973


Politics and government
The British White Paper, Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals, was announced in London. The program called for an 80-seat assembly which would give fair representation to Northern Ireland's 500,000 Roman Catholics as well as to its 1,000,000 Protestants. The assembly's executive committee, also to include Catholics, would administer departments such as education, housing, and health, all areas in which the minority claimed there was much discrimination.

Corinne Boggs, widow of Representative Hale Boggs (Democrat--Louisiana), won a special election for her husband's seat in the United States House of Representatives. Mr. Boggs, the House majority leader, had been lost in a plane crash in Alaska on October 15, 1972. Mrs. Boggs became the first woman to represent Louisiana in Congress.

World events
Three days after an assassination attempt on the Presidential Palace, Cambodian President Lon Nol continued imposing strict measures; about 100 anti-government suspects were arrested, including newspaper editors, journalists, opposition politicians, and student leaders.

Protest
Prisoners in West Virginia Penitentiary in Moundsville killed an inmate, injured two others, and took five guards hostage. Their demands included an investigation into the October 1972 slaying of a prison guard and more sharply defined prison rules and regulations.

Disasters
11 people were killed and 43 injured in a 32-car pile-up near Barrie, Ontario.

Baseball
In a special election, Roberto Clemente was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, receiving 93% of the 424 votes cast. Mr. Clemente, who played right field for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1955-1972, had been killed in a plane crash on December 31, 1972, while still an active player. Normally, players have to have been retired for at least five years before appearing on the Hall of Fame ballot, but the rule was waived in the case of Mr. Clemente.

25 years ago
1988


Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): Heaven is a Place on Earth--Belinda Carlisle (4th week at #1)

War
In the Eritrean War of Independence, the Eritrean People's Liberation Front entered the town of Afabet, successfully concluding the Battle of Afabet.

Politics and government
In the contest for the 1988 U.S. presidential nominations, Jesse Jackson won the Democratic preference vote in Puerto Rico; Vice President George Bush won the Republican vote.

Jose Napoleon Duarte’s centrist party lost ground in elections in El Salvador. The right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) won about half the seats in the National Assembly. ARENA had called for a more vigorous war against leftist rebels and had criticized the Duarte government for corruption and various economic problems. The rebels called for a boycott of the vote. ARENA won in about 80% of the municipalities--including San Salvador--that voted. A preliminary report from the ruling party said that ARENA had won 31 of the 60 seats in the assembly.

Diplomacy
Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze arrived in Washington to meet with U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz in order to work out details of a summit between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to take place in Moscow from May 29-June 2.

Disasters
A fire that began in the kitchen of a private home in Lashio, Burma killed 113 people and destroyed 2,000 homes.

Hockey
CIAU
The York University Yeomen won the national men’s hockey championship with a 5-2 win over the University of Western Ontario Mustangs in the final.

20 years ago
1993


Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (ARIA): You Don't Treat Me No Good--Sonia Dada (4th week at #1)

#1 single in Italy: La Solitudine--Laura Pausini (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in Spain (PROMUSICAE): No Limit--2 Unlimited (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Flanders (VRT): No Limit--2 Unlimited (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in France (SNEP): I Will Always Love You--Whitney Houston (8th week at #1)

#1 single in the Netherlands (De Nederlandse Top 40): No Limit--2 Unlimited (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.K. (Chart Information Network): Oh Carolina--Shaggy

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): Informer--Snow (2nd week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 I'm Every Woman--Whitney Houston
2 Ordinary World--Duran Duran
3 A Whole New World (Aladdin's Theme)--Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle
4 Bed of Roses--Bon Jovi
5 Informer--Snow
6 Nothin' But a "G" Thang--Dr. Dre
7 Don't Walk Away--Jade
8 Hip Hop Hooray--Naughty By Nature
9 Mr. Wendal--Arrested Development
10 7--Prince and the New Power Generation

Singles entering the chart were Kiss of Life by Sade (#58); The Crying Game by Boy George (#67); Candy Everybody Wants by 10,000 Maniacs (#69); Easy by Faith No More (#81); Buddy X by Neneh Cherry (#85); Somebody Love Me by Michael W. Smith (#88); and Give it to You by Martha Wash (#91). The Crying Game was the title song of the movie, which was released in 1992.

Canada's Top 10 (RPM)
1 Ordinary World--Duran Duran (3rd week at #1)
2 Bed of Roses--Bon Jovi
3 I'm Every Woman--Whitney Houston
4 Man on the Moon--R.E.M.
5 Hope of Deliverance--Paul McCartney
6 If I Ever Lose My Faith in You--Sting
7 No Mistakes--Patty Smyth
8 Two Princes--Spin Doctors
9 Little Bird--Annie Lennox
10 Angel--Jon Secada

Singles entering the chart included Jump They Say by David Bowie (#74); You and Me by Crash Vegas (#88); Somebody Love Me by Michael W. Smith (#97); and Sweet Thing by Mary J. Blige (#98).

Died on this date
Polykarp Kusch, 82
. German-born U.S. physicist. Dr. Kusch shared the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics with Willis Eugene Lamb for his accurate determination that the magnetic moment of the electron was greater than its theoretical value, thus leading to reconsideration of—-and innovations in-—quantum electrodynamics.

World events
A U.S. Grayling attack submarine and a Russian Delta-class submarine, normally equipped with 16 ocean-spanning nuclear-tipped missiles, collided in the Arctic Ocean.

Terrorism
Jonathan Ball, 3, and Tim Parry, 12, were fatally injured, and 56 others were injured when two bombs exploded near a shopping centre in Warrington, Cheshire, England. The Provisional Irish Republican Army was resonsible for the atrocity.

10 years ago
2003


War
Units of the United States Army 3rd Infantry Division and U.S. Marine 1st Expeditionary Force entered Iraq after dark. The division moved north toward Baghdad, while U.S. and U.K. marines turned northeast toward Basra. Meanwhile, Turkey's parliament agreed to allow U.S. planes to cross Turkish airspace. The parliament also approved deployment of new Turkish troops in northern Iraq, but the U.S.A. and U.K. opposed such a move.

About 1,000 U.S. soldiers raided Kandahar, Afghanistan to root out members of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization.

The Canadian military hearing on the 2002 deaths of four Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan by "friendly fire" from a U.S. plane recommended against court-martial and criminal charges, opting instead for administrative punishment. Families of the deceased were upset by the decision and its timing.

March 19, 2013

450 years ago
1563


War
Catherine de Medici, acting as regent for her son King Charles IX of France, signed the Edict of Amboise, ending the first phase of the French Wars of Religion and guaranteeing privileges and freedoms for the Huguenots (French Protestants).

200 years ago
1813


Born on this date
David Livingstone
. Scottish missionary and explorer. Dr. Livingstone was a Congregationalist medical missionary with the London Missionary Society, and spent much of his life in Africa. He lost contact with the outside world for six years, and the New York Herald sent Henry Stanley to Africa in 1869 to look for him. They met on the shores of Lake Tanganyika on November 10, 1871, with Mr. Stanley supposedly saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Dr. Livingstone died of malaria and dysentery in what is now Zambia on May 1, 1873 at the age of 60.

190 years ago
1823


Born on this date
Arthur Blyth
. U.K.-born Australian politician. Sir Arthur grew up in Birmingham and moved to South Australia with his parents at the age of 16. He held various cabinet posts in South Australia, and served three terms as Premier of South Australia (1864-1865, 1871-1872, 1873-1875). Sir Arthur was appointed as South Australia's agent-general in London in 1877, and represented S.A. at the 1887 colonial conference. He died in Bournemouth, England on December 7, 1891 at the age of 68.

160 years ago
1853


World events
During the Taiping Rebellion in China, the rebels captured Nanking and renamed it T'en-ching (Heavenly Capital).

150 years ago
1863


War
The largest Confederate cruiser, the SS Georgiana, was destroyed on her maiden voyage from Scotland to Charleston, South Carolina when she encountered a Union Navy blockade of Charleston and was heavily damaged by shots from the USS Wissahickon, whereupon she was scuttled by her captain, A.B. Davidson.

130 years ago
1883


Born on this date
Joseph Stilwell
. U.S. military officer. General Stilwell, nicknamed "Vinegar Joe" because of his personality, was a United States Army officer mainly known for commanding Allied forces in the China-Burma-India theatre during World War II, where he preferred ground troops to air power. He had difficult relationships with British commanders, and had an especially poor relationship with Nationalist Chinese leader Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, which eventually led to Gen. Stilwell's recall from command in October 1944. Gen. Stilwell continued to serve the Army in other capacities until his death on October 12, 1946 at the age of 63, after an operation for stomach cancer.

70 years ago
1943


Died on this date
Frank Nitti, 57
. U.S. gangster. A native of Italy, Mr. Nitti moved to the United States at the age of 7, eventually living in Chicago. He ran Al Capone's liquor smuggling and distribution operation, and took over the organization after Mr. Capone was sentenced to prison for income tax evasion. He was one of a number of gangsters indicted in 1943 for trying to extort money out of Hollywood movie studios. The day before he was to appear before a grand jury, Mr. Nitti got drunk and went for a walk, taking a loaded revolver with him. He shot himself to death in a railroad yard in North Riverside, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. The character of Mr. Nitti made frequent appearances in the television series The Untouchables (1959-1963), where he was portrayed by Bruce Gordon.

60 years ago
1953


Movies
The Academy Awards were televised for the first time, honouring movies released in 1952. The awards included: Best Picture--The Greatest Show on Earth; Best Director--John Ford, The Quiet Man; Best Actor--Gary Cooper, High Noon; Best Actress--Shirley Booth, Come Back, Little Sheba; Best Supporting Actor--Anthony Quinn, Viva Zapata!; Best Supporting Actress--Gloria Grahame, The Bad and the Beautiful; Best Original Song--High Noon. It was the first time that the awards for best picture, director, actor, actress, supporting actor, and supporting actress had been son by six different movies. It happened again in 1956 and not again until 2005.



50 years ago
1963


Died on this date
Lionel Hill, 81
. Australian politician. Mr. Hill had a successful career as a football player before joining the South Australian Labour Party. He was first elected to the S.A. House of Assembly in 1915, and became party leader and Premier of South Australia in August 1926, serving as Premier until Labour's defeat in the 1927 state election. The Labour Party was returned to power in the 1930 South Australia state election, with Mr. Hill as Premier, but he had difficulty dealing with the economic conditions of the Depression, and he was expelled as leader of the S.A. Labour Party in August 1931. Mr. Hill then formed the splinter Parliamentary Labour Party, and remained as Premier until February 1933 with the support of the Liberal Federation. He resigned his offices in February 1933 to serve as South Australian Agent-General in London, but complaints about his performance led to his resignation in August 1934. Mr. Hill returned to electoral politics in 1958 as an alderman in Kensington and Norwood, serving until his death.

40 years ago
1973


Hit parade
#1 single in Australia (Kent Music Report): You're So Vain--Carly Simon (5th week at #1)

#1 single in France: Les gondoles à Venise--Sheila & Ringo (3rd week at #1)

Economics and finance
Foreign exchange markets reopened after a suspension of nearly two weeks. The U.S. dollar had increased in value in Europe, and was strong in heavy trading in Tokyo.

Disasters
An Air Vietnam DC-4 airliner crashed on approach to Ban Me Thuot Airport in the Vietnamese central highlands, killing at least 58.

30 years ago
1983


Hit parade
#1 single in France: Chante--Les Forbans (3rd week at #1)

#1 single in Ireland (IRMA): Total Eclipse of the Heart--Bonnie Tyler

#1 single in the U.K.: Total Eclipse of the Heart--Bonnie Tyler (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): Billie Jean--Michael Jackson (3rd week at #1)

U.S.A. Top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Billie Jean--Michael Jackson (2nd week at #1)
2 Do You Really Want to Hurt Me--Culture Club
3 You Are--Lionel Richie
4 Hungry Like the Wolf--Duran Duran
5 Stray Cat Strut--Stray Cats
6 Back on the Chain Gang--Pretenders
7 Down Under--Men at Work
8 Shame on the Moon--Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band
9 One on One--Daryl Hall & John Oates
10 We've Got Tonight--Kenny Rogers and Sheena Easton

Singles entering the chart were Solitaire by Laura Branigan (#71); So Wrong by Patrick Simmons (#74); Photograph by Def Leppard (#80); Every Home Should Have One by Patti Austin (#84); Mornin' by Jarreau (#85); Goodnight Saigon by Billy Joel (#87); Mexican Radio by Wall of Voodoo (#88); Carrie's Gone by Le Roux (#89); and Don't Run (Come Back to Me) by KC & the Sunshine Band (Duet with Teri DeSario) (#90).

Canada's Top 10 (RPM)
1 Hungry Like the Wolf--Duran Duran
2 Do You Really Want to Hurt Me--Culture Club
3 Stray Cat Strut--Stray Cats
4 We've Got Tonight--Kenny Rogers and Sheena Easton
5 Billie Jean--Michael Jackson
6 Sexual Healing--Marvin Gaye
7 Shy Boy--Bananarama
8 When I'm with You--Sheriff
9 You Are--Lionel Richie
10 Baby, Come to Me--Patti Austin (with James Ingram)

Singles entering the chart were Midnight Blue by Louise Tucker (#42); Little Red Corvette by Prince (#43); Poison Arrow by ABC (#47); Human Race by Red Rider (#48); and It Might Be You by Stephen Bishop (#49). Midnight Blue, based on Ludwig van Beethoven's Sonata Pathetique, featured accompanying vocals by Charlie Skarbek, although he was credited only on the picture sleeve of the 45.

Football
USFL
The hometown Arizona Wranglers defeated the Los Angeles Express 21-14 at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe. The loss was the first for the Express after two wins to start the season, and the first as a head coach for Hugh Campbell in 13 games, going back to 1982 when he was coaching the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.

25 years ago
1988


Hit parade
#1 single in Italy: Perdere l'Amore--Massimo Ranieri (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in Flanders (Ultratop 50): (I've Had) The Time of My Life--Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes (7th week at #1)

#1 single in the Netherlands (De Nederlandse Top 40): (I've Had) The Time of My Life--Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes (9th week at #1)

#1 single in France (SNEP): Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You--Glenn Medeiros (2nd week at #1)

#1 single in Ireland (IRMA): Feet on the Ground--Hothouse Flowers

#1 single in the U.K. (New Musical Express): Together Forever--Rick Astley

#1 single in the U.K. (BMRB): I Should Be So Lucky--Kylie Minogue (5th week at #1)

#1 single in the U.S.A. (Billboard): Never Gonna Give You Up--Rick Astley (2nd week at #1)

U.S.A. top 10 (Cash Box)
1 Never Gonna Give You Up--Rick Astley
2 Father Figure--George Michael
3 I Get Weak--Belinda Carlisle
4 Man in the Mirror--Michael Jackson
5 Endless Summer Nights--Richard Marx
6 Out of the Blue--Debbie Gibson
7 Get Outta My Dreams, Get Into My Car--Billy Ocean
8 Just Like Paradise--David Lee Roth
9 I Want Her--Keith Sweat
10 What Have I Done to Deserve This?--Pet Shop Boys (with Dusty Springfield)

Singles entering the chart were Shattered Dreams by Johnny Hates Jazz (#70); I Don't Want to Live Without You by Foreigner (#76); Say it Again by Jermaine Stewart (#83); One Good Reason by Paul Carrack (#85); Ritual by the Dan Reed Network (#86); Hot Hot Hot!!! by the Cure (#87); Play that Funky Music by Roxanne (#88); and My Girl by Suave (#89).

Canada's top 10 (RPM)
1 Never Gonna Give You Up--Rick Astley
2 Father Figure--George Michael
3 Pump Up the Volume--M/A/R/R/S
4 She's Like the Wind--Patrick Swayze (featuring Wendy Fraser)
5 Hungry Eyes--Eric Carmen
6 What Have I Done to Deserve This?--Pet Shop Boys (with Dusty Springfield)
7 I Get Weak--Belinda Carlisle
8 Hands Up (Give Me Your Heart)--Sway
9 Could've Been--Tiffany
10 Just Like Paradise--David Lee Roth

Singles entering the chart were Rocket 2 U by the Jets (#73); Love Overboard by Gladys Knight and the Pips (#86); You Don't Know by Scarlet and Black (#89); Walk on the Wire by Diamond in the Rough (#93); I Want You So Bad by Heart (#94); Say This to Me by NEO A4 (#96); and Lake of Fire by Jale (#97).

Died on this date
Bun Cook, 83
. Canadian hockey player. Mr. Cook was a left wing with the Saskatoon Crescents of the Western Canada Hockey League (1924-25); Saskatoon Sheiks of the Western Hockey League (1925-26); New York Rangers (1926-36) and Boston Bruins (1936-37) of the National Hockey League; and Providence Reds of the International-American (later American) Hockey League (1937-43). In 473 NHL games, he scored 158 goals and 144 assists. Mr. Cook, his brother Bill, and Frank Boucher comprised the "Bread Line" with the Rangers, leading the team to their first two Stanley Cup championships in 1927-28 and 1932-33. In the AHL, Mr. Cook coached the Reds for 6 seasons and then coached the Cleveland Barons through 1955-56, winning a record seven Calder Cup championships--2 with the Reds and 5 with the Barons. His 636 wins as a head coach remains the AHL record. Mr. Cook was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1995.

Politics and government
In the race for the 1988 U.S. Democratic Party U.S. presidential nomination, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis won the Kansas caucuses.

20 years ago
1993


Law
Byron White, 75, who had been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since being appointed by President John F. Kennedy in 1962, announced his intention to retire.

10 years ago
2003


Died on this date
Émile Genest, 81
. Canadian-born actor. Mr. Genest, a native of Quebec City, began his career in Quebec and Montreal, and was part of the cast of the radio and television series La famille Plouffe (1953-1959). He worked in Canada and the United States for many years, appearing in Walt Disney movies such as Big Red (1962) and The Incredible Journey (1963), and in many television programs. Mr. Genest died while on vacation in Florida.

War
The United States, with help from the United Kingdom and Australia, launched Operation Iraqi Freedom, an invasion of Iraq, with a "decapitiation attack" targeting Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and other leaders in Baghdad. The first attack occurred after dark, when about 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles descended on targets in Baghdad in response to intelligence information that Mr. Hussein was at a meeting with other top leaders in a private house over a bunker in the southern part of the city.

Politics and government
Mahmoud Abbas officially took office as Prime Minister of Palestine.

Environment
The United States Senate voted 52-48 to defeat a proposal supported by the administration of President George W. Bush to allow oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Range.

Sunday, 17 March 2013

March 18, 2013

575 years ago
1438


Europeana
Albert the Magnanimous, King of Hungary and Croatia, was chosen "King of the Romans" at Frankfurt, becoming King Albert II of Germany.

340 years ago
1673


Americana
John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, sold his part of New Jersey to the Religious Society of Friends, better known as Quakers.

220 years ago
1793


Germanica
The Republic of Mainz, the first republican state in Germany, was declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.

190 years ago
1823


Died on this date
Jean-Baptiste Bréval, 69
. French composer. Mr. Breval, a cellist, wrote chamber and symphonic music, mainly featuring the cello.

120 years ago
1893


Hockey
Canadian Governor General Lord Stanley of Preston pledged to donate a silver challenge cup to the best team in Canada. The trophy became known as the Stanley Cup.

100 years ago
1913


Born on this date
Werner Mölders
. German military aviator. Oberst (Colonel) Mölders was the leading German air ace during the Spanish Civil War, and the first flying ace to claim 100 victories in combat. He was killed at the age of 28 on November 22, 1941 in the crash of a plane in which he was a passenger on the way from Crimea to Germany to attend the funeral of his superior, Ernst Udet, who had committed suicide on November 17.

Died on this date
George I, 67
. King of the Hellenes, 1863-1913. King George was assassinated in Thessaloniki just 12 days short of marking 50 years on the throne. He was planning to abdicate in favour of his son Constantine after golden jubilee celebrations in October 1913. While on an afternoon walk near the White Tower, King George was shot in the back by Alexandros Schinas, said to be a member of a Socialist organization. When arrested, Mr. Schinas claimed he had shot the monarch because King George had refused to give him money. Thessaloniki had been liberated from Turkish forces in November 1912 in the First Balkan War.

80 years ago
1933


Died on this date
Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, 60
. Italian explorer and mountaineer. Prince Luigi led an unsuccessful attempt to reach the North Pole in 1899-1900, but achieved success in scaling sixteen summits in the Ruwenzori mountain range in Uganda, climbing about 21,860 feet up K2 in the Karakoram range in Pakistan in 1909, and setting a world altitude record the same year of just over 24,600 feet up Chogolisa in the same range--a record that stood for 13 years.

75 years ago
1938


Oil
Mexico nationalized all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.

Baseball
The Washington Nationals traded first baseman Joe Kuhel to the Chicago White Sox for first baseman Zeke Bonura. Mr. Kuhel, who spent 8 seasons in Washington, hit .283 with 6 home runs and 61 runs batted in in 1937, while Mr. Bonura, in his fourth season with the White Sox, had batted .345 with 19 home runs and 100 RBIs in 116 games in 1937. Mr. Kuhel was regarded as a much better defensive first baseman than Mr. Bonura.

60 years ago
1953


On the radio
I Was a Communist for the FBI, starring Dana Andrews
Tonight’s episode: The Red Waves

Disasters
250 people were killed when an earthquake struck western Turkey.

Baseball
As the groundskeepers at Braves Field were preparing for another season, it was officially announced that Boston Braves' owner Lou Perini was moving the team to Milwaukee, where the Braves had a farm team in the American Association. The Boston Braves had finished seventh in the eight-team National League in 1952 with a record of 64-89 and had attracted just 281,278 fans, only about 1/5 of their attendance just four years earlier, when they had won the NL pennant. The franchise shift, unanimously approved by National League owners, was the first in the major leagues since 1903, when the Baltimore Orioles had moved to New York to become the Highlanders, later the Yankees. AA owners voted 7-1 to move the Milwaukeee Brewers to Toledo, where they became known as the Mud Hens. The announcement of the Braves' move came during the team's spring training game against the New York Yankees in Bradenton, Florida. The Braves scored a run in the bottom of the 7th inning to tie the score and 3 in the 8th to break a 2-2 tie as they beat the Yankees 5-2. Johnny Antonelli relieved starting pitcher Warren Spahn in the 6th inning and got the win over Al Cicotte in the Boston Braves' last game.

Sonny Senerchia's home run was the big blow for the Pittsburgh Pirates as they scored all their runs in the 6th inning, coming back from a 2-0 deficit to edge the Cuban All-Stars 3-2 in a spring training game in Havana.

The Brooklyn Dodgers scored 2 runs in the top of the 9th inning to tie the score and a run in the top of the 10th to break the tie as they edged the Washington Nationals 11-10 in a spring training game in Orlando, Florida.

The Boston Red Sox scored a run in the top of the 14th inning to break a 5-5 tie as they edged the St. Louis Cardinals 6-5 in a spring training game in St. Petersburg, Florida. Stan Musial of the Cardinals hit the game's only home run.

The New York Giants scored 5 runs in the top of the 9th inning to take a 6-3 lead over the St. Louis Browns, but Les Moss hit a home run to conclude a 6-run rally in the bottom of the 9th as the Browns won 9-6 in a spring training game in San Bernardino, California. Vic Wertz also homered for the Browns.

50 years ago
1963


Died on this date
Wanda Hawley, 67
. U.S. actress. Miss Hawley starred in silent movies, particularly those directed by Cecil B. DeMille and Sam Wood. She reportedly received more fan mail than Gloria Swanson, but her career went downhill when sound came into movies.

Law
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright that public defenders must be provided for indigent defendants in felony cases.

40 years ago
1973


Died on this date
Lauritz Melchior, 82
. Danish-born U.S. opera singer. Mr. Melchior originally sang in a baritone voice but then became known as the pre-eminent Wagnerian tenor of his era, from the 1920s through the mid-1950s. He died the day before his 83rd birthday.

World events
The day after declaring a state of emergency as a result of an unsuccessful attempt on his life, Camboidan President Lon Nol ordered a series of stern measures, including the suspension of publication of all newspapers and periodicals, except those published by the government. Several members of the royal family were placed under house arrest. Lon Nol had seized power from Prince Norodom Sihanouk in a coup on March 18, 1970.

Disasters
At least 58 coal miners were killed in a series of underground explosions near Dhanbad, India.

30 years ago
1983


Hit parade
#1 single in New Zealand (RIANZ): Twisting by the Pool--Dire Straits

#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): Major Tom (Völlig Losgelöst)--Peter Schilling (8th week at #1)

Died on this date
Umberto II, 78
. King of Italy, 1946. Umberto took the throne when his father, King Victor Emmanuel III, abdicated on May 9, 1946. On June 2, a majority voted in favour of a republic in the Constitutional Referendum, and the monarchy of the House of Savoy formally ended on June 12, 1946, just 34 days into King Umberto's reign.

Oil
Mexico said that it would maintain its 1982 levels of production, meaning that, with the recent decline in prices, oil revenues would also decline in 1983.

25 years ago
1988


Hit parade
#1 single in West Germany (Media Control): Tell it to My Heart--Taylor Dayne (3rd week at #1)

Died on this date
Billy Butterfield, 71
. U.S. musician. Mr. Butterfield was a jazz trumpeter who performed with a number of big bands, including those of Bob Crosby, Artie Shaw, Les Brown, and Benny Goodman.

Economics and finance
The Dow Jones industrial average closed at 2087.37, the highest level since the collapse of stock prices on October 19, 1987.

20 years ago
1993


Hit parade
#1 single in Finland (Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland): What is Love--Haddaway

Died on this date
Kenneth Boulding, 83
. U.K.-born U.S. economist. Mr. Boulding was a co-founder of General Systems Theory and coined the term "psychic capital," referring to the accumulation of desired mental states. He was a quaker and pacifist, fond of saying "Any peace is better than any war." Journalist Andy Rooney was one of Mr. Boulding's students at Colgate University in the early 1940s, and wrote about him in his book Sincerely, Andy Rooney (1999), pp. 97-99.

Bob Rushworth, 68. U.S. military aviator. Major General Rushworth was a United States Air Force pilot who served in the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and was part of the Man in Space Soonest program, which was cancelled in 1958 and replaced by Project Mercury. Maj. Gen. Rushworth was a test pilot for the X-15 rocket plane program, making 34 flights in the X-15 from 1960-1966. He reached an altitude of 285,000 feet in the X-15 in 1963, qualifying him for astronaut wings.

Economics and finance
The Polish parliament voted 203-181 to defeat a government bill to convert 600 state-owned companies into private enterprises.

The United States House of Representatives voted 243-183 in favour of President Bill Clinton's measure to cut spending and raise taxes.

10 years ago
2003


War
The British House of Commons voted 412-149 to use "all means necessary" against Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. The U.S. State Department listed 30 countries as members of a "coalition of the willing" supporting military intervention, and indicated that 15 countries were supporting the effort but had asked not to be named. Only the U.S.A., U.K., and Australia were known to be providing troops.

Politics and government
The Serbian parliament approved Zoran Zivkovic as Prime Minister, replacing Zoran Djindjic, who had been assassinated six days earlier.

Crime
Anti-abortion activist James Kopp was found guilty by a judge in Erie County, New York of second-degree murder in the 1998 shooting of Dr. Barnett Slepian outside his clinic. Mr. Kopp, who had been a fugitive before admitting the crime in 2002, waived a jury trial and said that he had only tried to wound Dr. Slepian in order to prevent him performing abortions.

Charges were filed against Brian Mitchell and Wanda Barzee in the kidnapping of Utah teenager Elizabeth Smart, who had been abducted from her home in Salt Lake City in June 2002, and found alive and rescued in the nearby town of Sandy on March 12.

Baseball
Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig announced that major league baseball would cancel its season-opening series March 25 and 26 at the Tokyo Dome between the Seattle Mariners and Oakland Athletics because of the U.S. war with Iraq. "Given the uncertainty that now exists throughout the world‚ we believe the safest course of action for the players involved and the many staff personnel who must work the games is to reschedule the opening series‚" Mr. Selig said. "It would be unfair and terribly unsettling for them to be half a world away." The games were rescheduled for April 3 and June 30 in Oakland.